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Chapter 1 Human Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: the study of body structures and their relationships Static within a species Physiology: the study of the functions of body structures Dynamic within a species Subdivisions Anatomy Physiology Gross anatomy Regional: area Systemic: organ systems Surface: internal structures through skin Microscopic anatomy Cytology: cells Histology: tissues Embryology: before birth Neurophysiology Others Pathophysiology Cardiovascular physiology Renal Physiology Others Life is an Emergent Property Novelty with increased complexity Chemical level Atoms Molecules Organelles Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Listed in fig 1.3 Organismal level Organ Systems ORGAN SYSTEM COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS Integumentary Skin, hair, nails Protection Skeletal Bones Support/movement Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs Control and communication Muscular Muscles Movement Endocrine Hormones and associated glands Homeostasis Cardiovascular Heart, blood vessels, blood Transport of substances Lymphatic Lymph vessels and lymph nodes Transport, immunity Respiratory Nose, trachea, lungs Transport of gases Digestive Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines Energy acquisition and food processing Urinary Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Water balance Reproduction Gonads Propogation Life’s Essentials Maintain boundaries Move Respond to environment Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduce Grow Survival Essentials Nutrients Fuel for the cells Oxygen Energy release is an oxidative process Water Facilitates reactions and excretions/secretions Normal body temperature Regulate metabolic reactions Atmospheric pressure Corresponds with gas exchange w/I cells Adequate amounts of above maintain a healthy state Homeostasis Ability of the body to maintain equilibrium internally despite a continually changing world externally Dynamic state of equilibrium 3 components Receptor (afferent) Control center (set point) Effector (efferent) Illness & disease due to homeostatic imbalances Occurrences increase with age Disruptions in feedback Feedback Negative Most homeostatic mechanisms Turn off or slow original stimuli Stabilizes Body temperature, heart and breathing rate, & blood glucose Positive Increases the original stimuli Oxytocin (labor) and blood clotting Anatomical Position Standing tall with upper limbs at sides and face, palms and toes forward Reference position when describing body part locations Left and right is specimen’s Variations for bipeds and quadrupeds Anatomical Regions Anatomical Directions Superior/ inferior Cranial/caudal Ventral/ dorsal Anterior/ posterior Medial/ lateral Intermediate/ proximal/ distal Superficial/ deep External/ internal Supine/ prone Ipsilateral/ contralateral Study tip: pick two structures on self and describe as many ways as possible Body Planes are Like Breads Sagittal section: divides the body longitudinally into left and right Midsagittal: equal parts Parasagittal: off midline e.g.: hotdog bun Frontal (coronal) section: divides anterior and posterior e.g.: loaf of bread Transverse (cross) section: divides superior and inferior Oblique section: diagonal cuts e.g.: hamburger bun or bagel Body Cavities Dorsal Cranial: brain Vertebral: spinal cord Ventral Thoracic Left & right pleura Mediastinum (pericardial) Abdominopelvic No real separation Protection differences Diaphragm divides Serous Membranes Double-layer membrane surrounding serous fluid Reduces friction; lubricates Line walls and organs of ventral body cavities Parietal serosa lines walls Visceral serosa lines organs (viscera) Named for associated organs Never exposed to external environment Other Body Cavities Open to environment (generally) Abdominopelvic Subdivisions Epigastric Umbilical Regions (9) Quadrants (4) Hypogastric Hypochondriac Lumbar Inguinal Anatomists use; references location and orientation of internal organs Clinicians use; references to describe pain, tenderness, and injuries