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PHARMACEUTICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF HIBISCUS ROSA SINENSIS MUCILAGE Sargam*, Nitin Sharma Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Baghpat bypass crossing, NH-58, Delhi-Roorkee, Highway, Meerut, 250005, U. P., India. Contact no.:- +9557296505 Email- [email protected] *Author for correspondence: Sargam Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Baghpat bypass crossing, NH-58, Delhi- Roorkee Highway, Meerut-250005, U.P., India. Contact no.:- +9557296505 Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The main objective of the present investigation is to describe the information about the Hibiscus rosa sinensis. Various plant gums had been used in the development of pharmaceutical formulation, among them the gum obtained from the hibiscus has its own identity in pharmaceutical and pharmacological world. Hibiscus rosa sinensis is also known as Gurhal, Sanskrit japa, Hindi jasum etc. Various chemical constituents such as taraxeryl acetate, compestrol, cholesterol etc are present in the gum which is obtained from the different part of the plant, responsible for the different pharmacological activities. The hibiscus gum had been used for cosmetic and medicinal uses. The study on the Hibiscus rosa sinensis emphasized on the pharmacological activities such as it act as a antipyretic, anticonvulsive, anti-inflammatory etc. Keywords: Hibiscus rosa Sinensis, Binder, Disintegrant. INTRODUCTION For health purpose more than three quarter of the whole world’s population depends on plants. For the medicinal purpose more than 30% of total plant species are used. More than 80,000 medicinal plants are used out of 2,50,000 higher plants. Leaves, stems, bark, roots, flowers are the different organs of the plant from which the drug is obtained. Gum, resins and latex are also some excretory products of plants from which the drug is prepared. [1] When plants are grown under the unfavorable condition or injured, then they produce gum and it is usually a pathological product. It is generally translucent and amorphous substance. These may be ionic and non ionic polysaccharide and considered as plant hydrocolloids. The process from which the gum is produced is known as gummosis. [2] Plant gums and mucilage’s are widely used in pharmaceutical preparations by the formulation of granules of desired hardness, strength, and size. As binders, they show adhesive qualities to powder. [3] Hibiscus rosa sinensis mucilage is also used as disintegrant and super disintegrant in the pharmaceutical preparations. Disintegrants are the substances which on addition to the tablets and some other encapsulated formulations in the aqueous environment, shows the disintegration of the tablet and capsule in small particles or fragments, due to which the surface area is increased and results in more rapid release of drug substance. In terms of fast dissolving tablets, disintegration has their own importance and it has received considerable attention. They work just opposite to the efficiency of binder. Their effect is enhanced when added during granulation. The tablets are breakdown into small granules and granules further disintegrate into small pieces in the solution by adding disintegrant either intragranulary or extragranulary.[4] Fast dissolving tablets required less amount of water. It dissolved into the saliva within few seconds. These tablets are beneficial for Geriatric and Pediatric patients. [5] For too fluffy and non- compressible pharmaceutical powders, pharmaceutical glue is used to combine and attach the particles of powder. This pharmaceutical glue is known as binder. The bonds of the binder between particles remain same even when the solvent is dried. Now-a-days binders are used in large quantity. For the sustained release matrix tablets, Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves mucilage is used due to its good swelling, good flow rate, and suitability for matrix formulation. [6] This mucilage is used as a binder in various pharmaceutical tablets. It has a glossy dark green leaves with medium texture. In this plant flowers are produced in a large abundance. For the natural and pharmaceutical remedies, it is most suitable plant. It is easily available all over India. They perform various pharmacological actions and used in many pharmaceutical dosage form. [7] This review article provide the information of utility of plant Hibiscus rosa sinensis as pharmaceutical excipient for the development of various dosage form. Simultaneously article are also concentrate on the pharmacological application of plant in various disease. DESCRIPTION In Hindi Hibiscus rosa sinensis is known as gurhal. The common name of Hibiscus rosa sinensis are tropical hibiscus, Chinese hibiscus. It belongs to the Malvaceae family. This is a glabrous shrub and widely cultivated in tropics. In India it is a perennial ornamental shrub which is available easily. The height of the plant is between 7 to 12 feet and spread from 6 to 10 feet. There are so many pharmacological and pharmaceutical importance of Hibiscus rosa sinensis. It shows various pharmacological activities such as aphrodisiac, laxative, oral contraceptive, menorrhagic, antioxidant etc. This plant also possesses anti-fertility activity. [8]The mucilage isolated from the leaves of Hibiscus rosa sinensis was homogeneous on electrophorosis. It contains acidic polysaccharide and showed considerable anticomplementary activity. [9] CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS Some chemical constituents found in Hibiscus rosa sinensis are compestrol, stigmasterol, cholestrol, taraxeryl acetate, beta- sitosterol fructose, glucose and flavinoids. Hibiscetin, cyanin glucosides and alkanes are also present.[10] COSMETIC USES Hibiscus rosa sinensis is used in different fields in various preparations. Hibiscus rosa sinensis petals are used to promotes hair growth and prevent hair loss and scalp disorder. It is used as a natural emollient hair conditioner. For the hair growth it is generally used with brahmi and amla extract. It is used for the mild shampoo for babies. It is also used to produce black dye by using the ghee for blacken the eyes and eyebrows. In China, it is used in shoe-blacking and mascara. The juice obtained from the petals is used for this purpose.[10] MEDICINAL USES There are number of medicinal uses of Hibiscus rosa sinensis. Some are as follows: Its roots are used as demulcent for cough. Leaves show laxative and emollient properties. For treatment of venereal disease and fevers, decoction of roots is used. It is used as diuretics and used in kidney trouble. Leaves and flowers are used for the growth of hair. For abortion purpose, leaves and bark is used.[10] EXTRACTION OF MUCILAGE FROM HIBISCUS ROSA SINENSIS Freash leaves of Hibiscus rosa sinensis was washed and dried. Complete release of mucilage is obtained in water by soaking crushed leaves in water 5-6 hrs and boiling of 30 minutes. The marc from solution was removed using 8 fold muslin cloths. Acetone in a three times volume was added to precipitate the mucilage. The dried powder was obtained on heating over 50 degree centigrade, and passed through sieve(number 80).[11] PHARMACEUTICAL ACTIVITY OF HIBISCUS ROSA SINENSIS 1. SUPER DISINTEGRANT Swathi S et al presented the effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis mucilage as superdisintegrant in the fast dissolving tablets by using freely and poorly soluble drug. They have used fast dissolving tablets of freely soluble tramadol hydrochloride and levofloxacin as a poorly soluble drug. In this, they compared two superdisintegrants, one is natural superdisintegrant such as mucilage which is extracted from the Hibiscus rosa sinensis and other one is synthetic super disintegrant such as croscarmellose sodium by taking in different concentration. From this study we conclude that fast dissolving tablets formed by using mucilage have better disintegrating property in comparison to synthetic superdisintegrant.[12] 2. BINDER Chitta Suresh Kumar et al, disscused about the effects of the Hibiscus rosa sinensis mucilage as a binder in the matrix tablets of diclofenac sodium. In this study hibiscus leaves mucilage is used. It was concluded that Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves mucilage have significant property for the sustain release of diclofenac sodium. [14] Prakash Pawan et al, discuss about the Hibiscus rosa sinensis as a binder which is used in sustained release drug delivery system. In this investigation, the Hibiscus rosa sinensis mucilage was mixed with matrix tablets of diclofenac sodium and study about the release retardant activity of formulation.[15] Gauda Harikrishna kasani et al, was used Hibiscuss rosa sinensis leaves mucilage to formulate the propranolol hydochloride sustained release floating matrix tablets. In this, Hibiscus rosa sinensis is used as matrix forming material.[16] TABLE 1:DISINTIGRATING PROPERTY OF HIBISCUS ROSA SINENSIS Author name Property Drug Proposal Swathi.S, Superdisintegrant Levofloxacin Formulation for [12] Neeharika V, et.al poorly Reference soluble tablets Swathis.S, Superdisintegrant Tramadol For Neeharika V, et al hydrochloride soluble tablets Harakatti prabhu K mouthdisintegrant Famotidine Mouth , et al freely [12] [13] disintegrant tablet Viral shah, Rucha Oral disintegrant Aceclofenac patel For dispersable [11] tablets TABLE 2: BINDER PROPERTY OF HIBISCUS ROSA SINENSIS Author name Property Drug Proposal Chitta Suresh et Binder Diclofenac For al sodium release Reference sustained [14] matrix tablets Giresh k Jani et Diclofenac For al sodium release tablets sustained [17] matrix PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF HIBISCUS ROSA SINENSIS Antibacterial activity:[18] Ruban P,Gajalakshmi K discuss about the antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower extract. In this study, the flower extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis works against human pathogens. From the disc and agar diffusion method they evaluated the antibacterial activity. In the result, cold extraction illustrates a maximum zone of inhibition against E.coli, Bacillus subtilis and hot extraction against Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. It was concluded that extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis have significant effect as antibacterial activity. Anticonvulsant activity:[19] V.S.Kasture et al cover the data on the ethanolic extracts of flower of Hibiscus rosa sinensis which is used to exhibit anticonvulsant activity. The anticonvulsant activity lied in the acetone soluble part of ethanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower according to bioassay guided fractionation. This fraction saves the animals from lithium-pilocarpine, electro shock and kindling, and pentylene tetrazole which are responsible for inducing convulsion in mice. It was proved that the ethanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis showed significant anticonvulsive activity. Analgesic Activity:[20] Alka Sawarkar et al studied on Hibiscus rosa sinensis and identifed its analgesic activity. . In recent study, aqueous and alcoholic extracts obtained from the dried leaves of Hibiscus rosa sinensis. This extract has analgesic activity and it is dose dependent. The extractability percentage was found to be 20% in the leaves. Antioxidant activity:[21] Rajesh mandate, S.A Sreenivas et al reported that the crude extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis showed antioxidant activity. The name of some antioxidant radical scavenger compounds which are used as reference are butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxyltoluene and tocoferol. In linoleic acid emulsion, 94.58 % oxidation is prevented by the crude extract. But standard oxidants such as BHA, BHT, and tocoferol restricts at particular concentration of 60 μg/ml. Natural antioxidants are obtained from the crude extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis and shows the effective result. Anti-inflammatory activity[22] Vivek tomar et al explains the anti inflamatory activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis. So many inflammatory conditions such as inflammation of blenorrhoea, asthmatic bronchitis and oral mucosa is treated by Hibiscus rosa sinensis. For anti inflammatory activities, the methanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves were used. To check the inflammatory activities, various animal models were used in this study. Indomethacin was used as standard drug against carragenan and dextran induce inflammation. Anxiolytic activity[23] P Shewale et al studied the effect of anxiolytic activity by using methanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower with anthocyanidins in mice. In this study, they concluded that by involving of dopamine, nonadrenalin, serotonin and gamma amino butyric acid mechanism, the methanolic extract and anthocyanidins possess potential anxiolytic activity. Antipyretic activity[24] Sawarkar. A.R et al studied about the effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis as an anti pyretic in rats. The antipyretic activity was determined by using the leaves of Hibiscus rosa sinensis and v wistar rat. Aqueous and alcoholic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis were used to reduce the increased temperature and compared with the control group. Wound healing activity[25] B.Shivnanda Nayak et al performed their study on Sprague dawley rat by using hibiscus rosa sinensis having wound healing activity. Ethanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis was used. Study indicate that there was 86 % reduction in wound area in those animals which were treated with ethanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis when compared against control. Anabolic effect[26] Olagbende-Dada et al discuss about the anabolic activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf extract. Aphrodisiac plants shows anabolic activity due to involvement in protein synthesis and therefore improve the sexual ability in males. The properties of this plant are similar to the androgen which is a male hormone that’s why it is also known as androgenic plant. The aphrodisiac activity is reported in the cold aqueous extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis. There is a method to evaluate this over the eight week of treatment and rat were used as a experimental model. Anti- anxiety activity[27] Khan Mohammad Junaid et al discussed about the anxiety induce exploratory and locomotar activity performed by Hibiscus rosa sinensis. It is a medicinal plant which has a refrigerant and calming effect. According to this study, for determining the exploratory behaviour, alcoholic and chloroform extracts of Hibiscus rosa sinensis were used. From the result the difference is obtained that the ethanolic extract showed better performance in comparison to chloroform extract. There is no effect of the both extract on the urination and defecation of animals. According to the result Hibiscus rosa sinensis showed anti anxiety activity. Effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis on fertility and contraception[28], [29] David Hoffman discussed over the fertility and contraception by using the Hibiscus rosa sinensis extract. Only flower showed the anti-fertility activity. The antifertility action depands on the season. During winter antifertility action was maximum and minimum in summer. Hibiscus rosa sinensis showed impact on both, female reproduction as well as on male. Flower extracts improves the endocrine function as well as the generation of sperm. By giving the flower extract to the rat there are some changes occurs such as reduction of weight of testis, reproductive organs and pituitary glands. After stopping the administration of drug, the accessory sex organs activity started again and confirmed the activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis as a antifertility herb. According to kholkute et al, benzene hot extracts of Hibiscus rosa sinensis was responsible for the postcoital antifertility property to prevent the pregnancy, the extract obtained from the flowers of hibiscus were 100% effective. TABLE 3: [30] Pharmacological Extract Part used Dose effects Abortifacient effect Ethanol (95%),water and Leaves, 200 mg/kg flowers, roots petroleum ether extracts Acid phosphatase (50%) Ethanolic stimulation and benzene Flowers 150 mg/kg Flower 75.0 mg/kg Dried leaves 125 mg/kg Dried flowers 250 mg/kg extracts Alkaline phosphate Benzene and inhibition ethanol/water (1:1)extracts Analgesic activity Ethanol extract(70%) Androgenic effect Benzene and ethanol(95%) extracts Anticonvulsive Ethanol extract flower Ethanol(95%) Dried flowers - effect Anti-fertility effect 750 mg/kg extract Antifungal activity Ethanol/water(50%) Dried leaves - extract Anti-gonadotropin Benzene extract Dried flower 250 mg/kg Benzene extract Dried flowers 250 mg/kg Dried leaves 100 mg/kg effect Anti –implantation effect Antipyretic activity Ethanol (70%) extract Antispasmodic Ethanol/water(1:1) activity extract Ariel part - Antispermatogenic Benzene extract effect dried CNS depresent Ethnol/water(1:1) activity extract Anti-inflammatory Ethanol (70%) activity extract Anti-viral activity (80%) Ethanol Freeze dried extract plant Benzene extract Dried flowers Anti-estrogenic Dried flower 250 mg/kg Ariel part 500 mg/kg Dried leaves 100 mg/kg - 250 mg/kg effect CONCLUSION: According to the data obtained it is concluded that the ethanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis have pharmaceutical and pharmacological activities. The obtaining mucilage is a natural polysaccharide which is widely used. This extracted mucilage is used as binder and disintegrant in tablet formulation. This plant is effective for herbal alternative to many diseases. Such as antipyretic, anticonvulsive, etc. In fast disintegrating tablets like levofloxacin and tramadol, it is used as superdisintegrant. This extracted mucilage is widely used for the cosmetic and medicinal purpose. REFERENCE: 1. Joy PP, Thomas J, Mathew S, Skaria: Medicinal plants. Tropical Horticulture 2006; 2:449-632. 2. Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhle BS: Text book of pharmacognosy 2007; Edition 39: 2.22 3. Girhipunje Kundlik, kumaran arul, Pals Ranj, Maski Nitin and Thirumoorthy N: A novel binding agent for pharmaceutical formulation from cassia roxburchii seeds. International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences; 1(1): 4. Mohnachandran PS, Slndhumol PG, Klran TS: Superdisintigrants:an overview. 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