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PHARMACEUTICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF HIBISCUS
ROSA SINENSIS MUCILAGE
Sargam*, Nitin Sharma
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Baghpat bypass crossing, NH-58, Delhi-Roorkee, Highway, Meerut, 250005, U. P., India.
Contact no.:- +9557296505
Email- [email protected]
*Author for correspondence:
Sargam
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,
Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Baghpat bypass crossing, NH-58, Delhi- Roorkee
Highway, Meerut-250005, U.P., India.
Contact no.:- +9557296505
Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The main objective of the present investigation is to describe the information about the
Hibiscus rosa sinensis. Various plant gums had been used in the development of
pharmaceutical formulation, among them the gum obtained from the hibiscus has its own
identity in pharmaceutical and pharmacological world. Hibiscus rosa sinensis is also known as
Gurhal, Sanskrit japa, Hindi jasum etc. Various chemical constituents such as taraxeryl acetate,
compestrol, cholesterol etc are present in the gum which is obtained from the different part of
the plant, responsible for the different pharmacological activities. The hibiscus gum had been
used for cosmetic and medicinal uses. The study on the Hibiscus rosa sinensis emphasized on
the pharmacological activities such as it act as a antipyretic, anticonvulsive, anti-inflammatory
etc.
Keywords: Hibiscus rosa Sinensis, Binder, Disintegrant.
INTRODUCTION
For health purpose more than three quarter of the whole world’s population depends on plants.
For the medicinal purpose more than 30% of total plant species are used. More than 80,000
medicinal plants are used out of 2,50,000 higher plants. Leaves, stems, bark, roots, flowers are
the different organs of the plant from which the drug is obtained. Gum, resins and latex are also
some excretory products of plants from which the drug is prepared. [1] When plants are grown
under the unfavorable condition or injured, then they produce gum and it is usually a
pathological product. It is generally translucent and amorphous substance. These may be ionic
and non ionic polysaccharide and considered as plant hydrocolloids. The process from which
the gum is produced is known as gummosis. [2] Plant gums and mucilage’s are widely used in
pharmaceutical preparations by the formulation of granules of desired hardness, strength, and
size. As binders, they show adhesive qualities to powder. [3]
Hibiscus rosa sinensis mucilage is also used as disintegrant and super disintegrant in the
pharmaceutical preparations. Disintegrants are the substances which on addition to the tablets
and some other encapsulated formulations in the aqueous environment, shows the
disintegration of the tablet and capsule in small particles or fragments, due to which the surface
area is increased and results in more rapid release of drug substance. In terms of fast dissolving
tablets, disintegration has their own importance and it has received considerable attention.
They work just opposite to the efficiency of binder. Their effect is enhanced when added
during granulation. The tablets are breakdown into small granules and granules further
disintegrate into small pieces in the solution by adding disintegrant either intragranulary or
extragranulary.[4] Fast dissolving tablets required less amount of water. It dissolved into the
saliva within few seconds. These tablets are beneficial for Geriatric and Pediatric patients. [5]
For too fluffy and non- compressible pharmaceutical powders, pharmaceutical glue is used to
combine and attach the particles of powder. This pharmaceutical glue is known as binder. The
bonds of the binder between particles remain same even when the solvent is dried. Now-a-days
binders are used in large quantity.
For the sustained release matrix tablets, Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves mucilage is used due to
its good swelling, good flow rate, and suitability for matrix formulation. [6] This mucilage is
used as a binder in various pharmaceutical tablets. It has a glossy dark green leaves with
medium texture. In this plant flowers are produced in a large abundance. For the natural and
pharmaceutical remedies, it is most suitable plant. It is easily available all over India. They
perform various pharmacological actions and used in many pharmaceutical dosage form. [7]
This review article provide the information of utility of plant Hibiscus rosa sinensis as
pharmaceutical excipient for the development of various dosage form. Simultaneously article
are also concentrate on the pharmacological application of plant in various disease.
DESCRIPTION
In Hindi Hibiscus rosa sinensis is known as gurhal. The common name of Hibiscus rosa
sinensis are tropical hibiscus, Chinese hibiscus. It belongs to the Malvaceae family. This is a
glabrous shrub and widely cultivated in tropics. In India it is a perennial ornamental shrub
which is available easily. The height of the plant is between 7 to 12 feet and spread from 6 to
10 feet. There are so many pharmacological and pharmaceutical importance of Hibiscus rosa
sinensis. It shows various pharmacological activities such as aphrodisiac, laxative, oral
contraceptive, menorrhagic, antioxidant etc. This plant also possesses anti-fertility activity.
[8]The mucilage isolated from the leaves of Hibiscus rosa sinensis was homogeneous on
electrophorosis. It contains acidic polysaccharide and showed considerable anticomplementary
activity. [9]
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
Some chemical constituents found in Hibiscus rosa sinensis are compestrol, stigmasterol,
cholestrol, taraxeryl acetate, beta- sitosterol fructose, glucose and flavinoids. Hibiscetin, cyanin
glucosides and alkanes are also present.[10]
COSMETIC USES
Hibiscus rosa sinensis is used in different fields in various preparations. Hibiscus rosa
sinensis petals are used to promotes hair growth and prevent hair loss and scalp disorder. It
is used as a natural emollient hair conditioner. For the hair growth it is generally used with
brahmi and amla extract. It is used for the mild shampoo for babies. It is also used to
produce black dye by using the ghee for blacken the eyes and eyebrows. In China, it is used
in shoe-blacking and mascara. The juice obtained from the petals is used for this
purpose.[10]
MEDICINAL USES
There are number of medicinal uses of Hibiscus rosa sinensis. Some are as follows:

Its roots are used as demulcent for cough.

Leaves show laxative and emollient properties.

For treatment of venereal disease and fevers, decoction of roots is used.

It is used as diuretics and used in kidney trouble.

Leaves and flowers are used for the growth of hair.

For abortion purpose, leaves and bark is used.[10]
EXTRACTION OF MUCILAGE FROM HIBISCUS ROSA SINENSIS
Freash leaves of Hibiscus rosa sinensis was washed and dried. Complete release of mucilage is
obtained in water by soaking crushed leaves in water 5-6 hrs and boiling of 30 minutes. The
marc from solution was removed using 8 fold muslin cloths. Acetone in a three times volume
was added to precipitate the mucilage. The dried powder was obtained on heating over 50
degree centigrade, and passed through sieve(number 80).[11]
PHARMACEUTICAL ACTIVITY OF HIBISCUS ROSA SINENSIS
1. SUPER DISINTEGRANT
Swathi S et al presented the effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis mucilage as superdisintegrant in
the fast dissolving tablets by using freely and poorly soluble drug. They have used fast
dissolving tablets of freely soluble tramadol hydrochloride and levofloxacin as a poorly soluble
drug. In this, they compared two superdisintegrants, one is natural superdisintegrant such as
mucilage which is extracted from the Hibiscus rosa sinensis and other one is synthetic super
disintegrant such as croscarmellose sodium by taking in different concentration. From this
study we conclude that fast dissolving tablets formed by using mucilage have better
disintegrating property in comparison to synthetic superdisintegrant.[12]
2. BINDER
Chitta Suresh Kumar et al, disscused about the effects of the Hibiscus rosa sinensis mucilage
as a binder in the matrix tablets of diclofenac sodium. In this study hibiscus leaves mucilage is
used. It was concluded that Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves mucilage have significant property
for the sustain release of diclofenac sodium. [14]
Prakash Pawan et al, discuss about the Hibiscus rosa sinensis as a binder which is used in
sustained release drug delivery system. In this investigation, the Hibiscus rosa sinensis
mucilage was mixed with matrix tablets of diclofenac sodium and study about the release
retardant activity of formulation.[15]
Gauda Harikrishna kasani et al, was used Hibiscuss rosa sinensis leaves mucilage to
formulate the propranolol hydochloride sustained release floating matrix tablets. In this,
Hibiscus rosa sinensis is used as matrix forming material.[16]
TABLE 1:DISINTIGRATING PROPERTY OF HIBISCUS ROSA SINENSIS
Author name
Property
Drug
Proposal
Swathi.S,
Superdisintegrant
Levofloxacin
Formulation for [12]
Neeharika V, et.al
poorly
Reference
soluble
tablets
Swathis.S,
Superdisintegrant
Tramadol
For
Neeharika V, et al
hydrochloride
soluble tablets
Harakatti prabhu K mouthdisintegrant
Famotidine
Mouth
, et al
freely [12]
[13]
disintegrant
tablet
Viral shah, Rucha Oral disintegrant
Aceclofenac
patel
For dispersable [11]
tablets
TABLE 2: BINDER PROPERTY OF HIBISCUS ROSA SINENSIS
Author name
Property
Drug
Proposal
Chitta Suresh et Binder
Diclofenac
For
al
sodium
release
Reference
sustained [14]
matrix
tablets
Giresh k Jani et
Diclofenac
For
al
sodium
release
tablets
sustained [17]
matrix
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF HIBISCUS ROSA SINENSIS
Antibacterial activity:[18]
Ruban P,Gajalakshmi K discuss about the antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis
flower extract. In this study, the flower extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis works against human
pathogens. From the disc and agar diffusion method they evaluated the antibacterial activity. In
the result, cold extraction illustrates a maximum zone of inhibition against E.coli, Bacillus
subtilis and hot extraction against Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. It was concluded that extract
of Hibiscus rosa sinensis have significant effect as antibacterial activity.
Anticonvulsant activity:[19]
V.S.Kasture et al cover the data on the ethanolic extracts of flower of Hibiscus rosa sinensis
which is used to exhibit anticonvulsant activity. The anticonvulsant activity lied in the acetone
soluble part of ethanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower according to bioassay guided
fractionation. This fraction saves the animals from lithium-pilocarpine, electro shock and
kindling, and pentylene tetrazole which are responsible for inducing convulsion in mice. It was
proved that the ethanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis showed significant anticonvulsive
activity.
Analgesic Activity:[20]
Alka Sawarkar et al studied on Hibiscus rosa sinensis and identifed its analgesic activity. . In
recent study, aqueous and alcoholic extracts obtained from the dried leaves of Hibiscus rosa
sinensis. This extract has analgesic activity and it is dose dependent. The extractability
percentage was found to be 20% in the leaves.
Antioxidant activity:[21]
Rajesh mandate, S.A Sreenivas et al reported that the crude extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis
showed antioxidant activity. The name of some antioxidant radical scavenger compounds
which are used as reference are butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxyltoluene and
tocoferol. In linoleic acid emulsion, 94.58 % oxidation is prevented by the crude extract. But
standard oxidants such as BHA, BHT, and tocoferol restricts at particular concentration of 60
μg/ml. Natural antioxidants are obtained from the crude extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis and
shows the effective result.
Anti-inflammatory activity[22]
Vivek tomar et al explains the anti inflamatory activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis. So many
inflammatory conditions such as inflammation of blenorrhoea, asthmatic bronchitis and oral
mucosa is treated by Hibiscus rosa sinensis. For anti inflammatory activities, the methanolic
extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves were used. To check the inflammatory activities,
various animal models were used in this study. Indomethacin was used as standard drug against
carragenan and dextran induce inflammation.
Anxiolytic activity[23]
P Shewale et al studied the effect of anxiolytic activity by using methanolic extract of Hibiscus
rosa sinensis flower with anthocyanidins in mice.
In this study, they concluded that by involving of dopamine, nonadrenalin, serotonin and
gamma amino butyric acid mechanism, the methanolic extract and anthocyanidins possess
potential anxiolytic activity.
Antipyretic activity[24]
Sawarkar. A.R et al studied about the effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis as an anti pyretic in rats.
The antipyretic activity was determined by using the leaves of Hibiscus rosa sinensis and v
wistar rat. Aqueous and alcoholic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis were used to reduce the
increased temperature and compared with the control group.
Wound healing activity[25]
B.Shivnanda Nayak et al performed their study on Sprague dawley rat by using hibiscus rosa
sinensis having wound healing activity. Ethanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis was used.
Study indicate that there was 86 % reduction in wound area in those animals which were
treated with ethanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis when compared against control.
Anabolic effect[26]
Olagbende-Dada et al discuss about the anabolic activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf extract.
Aphrodisiac plants shows anabolic activity due to involvement in protein synthesis and
therefore improve the sexual ability in males. The properties of this plant are similar to the
androgen which is a male hormone that’s why it is also known as androgenic plant. The
aphrodisiac activity is reported in the cold aqueous extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis. There is a
method to evaluate this over the eight week of treatment and rat were used as a experimental
model.
Anti- anxiety activity[27]
Khan Mohammad Junaid et al discussed about the anxiety induce exploratory and locomotar
activity performed by Hibiscus rosa sinensis. It is a medicinal plant which has a refrigerant and
calming effect. According to this study, for determining the exploratory behaviour, alcoholic
and chloroform extracts of Hibiscus rosa sinensis were used. From the result the difference is
obtained that the ethanolic extract showed better performance in comparison to chloroform
extract. There is no effect of the both extract on the urination and defecation of animals.
According to the result Hibiscus rosa sinensis showed anti anxiety activity.
Effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis on fertility and contraception[28], [29]
David Hoffman discussed over the fertility and contraception by using the Hibiscus rosa
sinensis extract. Only flower showed the anti-fertility activity. The antifertility action depands
on the season. During winter antifertility action was maximum and minimum in summer.
Hibiscus rosa sinensis showed impact on both, female reproduction as well as on male.
Flower extracts improves the endocrine function as well as the generation of sperm. By giving
the flower extract to the rat there are some changes occurs such as reduction of weight of testis,
reproductive organs and pituitary glands. After stopping the administration of drug, the
accessory sex organs activity started again and confirmed the activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis
as a antifertility herb.
According to kholkute et al, benzene hot extracts of Hibiscus rosa sinensis was responsible for
the postcoital antifertility property to prevent the pregnancy, the extract obtained from the
flowers of hibiscus were 100% effective.
TABLE 3: [30]
Pharmacological
Extract
Part used
Dose
effects
Abortifacient effect
Ethanol
(95%),water and
Leaves,
200 mg/kg
flowers, roots
petroleum ether
extracts
Acid phosphatase
(50%) Ethanolic
stimulation
and benzene
Flowers
150 mg/kg
Flower
75.0 mg/kg
Dried leaves
125 mg/kg
Dried flowers
250 mg/kg
extracts
Alkaline phosphate
Benzene and
inhibition
ethanol/water
(1:1)extracts
Analgesic activity
Ethanol
extract(70%)
Androgenic effect
Benzene and
ethanol(95%)
extracts
Anticonvulsive
Ethanol extract
flower
Ethanol(95%)
Dried flowers
-
effect
Anti-fertility effect
750 mg/kg
extract
Antifungal activity
Ethanol/water(50%) Dried leaves
-
extract
Anti-gonadotropin
Benzene extract
Dried flower
250 mg/kg
Benzene extract
Dried flowers
250 mg/kg
Dried leaves
100 mg/kg
effect
Anti –implantation
effect
Antipyretic activity Ethanol (70%)
extract
Antispasmodic
Ethanol/water(1:1)
activity
extract
Ariel part
-
Antispermatogenic
Benzene extract
effect
dried
CNS depresent
Ethnol/water(1:1)
activity
extract
Anti-inflammatory
Ethanol (70%)
activity
extract
Anti-viral activity
(80%) Ethanol
Freeze dried
extract
plant
Benzene extract
Dried flowers
Anti-estrogenic
Dried flower
250 mg/kg
Ariel part
500 mg/kg
Dried leaves
100 mg/kg
-
250 mg/kg
effect
CONCLUSION:
According to the data obtained it is concluded that the ethanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa
sinensis have pharmaceutical and pharmacological activities. The obtaining mucilage is a
natural polysaccharide which is widely used. This extracted mucilage is used as binder and
disintegrant in tablet formulation. This plant is effective for herbal alternative to many
diseases. Such as antipyretic, anticonvulsive, etc. In fast disintegrating tablets like levofloxacin
and tramadol, it is used as superdisintegrant. This extracted mucilage is widely used for the
cosmetic and medicinal purpose.
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