Download Biology Domain 2

Biology Domain 2
Organisms
Biology Standard 2:
• Students will derive the
relationship between single-celled
and multi-celled organisms and the
increasing complexity of systems.
A. Basic Stuff
• 1. Energy
• a. needed by all organisms
• b. runs chemical reactions that
sustain life (metabolism)
2. Obtaining Energy
• a. Autotrophs (Producers)
• 1. use energy from sunlight to
make food
• 2. photosynthesis
• 3. ALL plants, algae (protists),
some bacteria
• b. Heterotrophs (Consumers, Decomposers)
• 1. must find energy elsewhere (eat
or absorb nutrients)
• 2. ALL animals, ALL fungi, some
protists and bacteria
Try This!
• The substances that most directly
control the rate of reaction during
cellular respiration are known as
– A. enzymes
– B. phosphates
– C. monosaccharides
– D. disaccharides
B. Energy Transformations
• 1.Energy and matter cycle through
ecosystems
– Food chain, food web, energy
pyramid
• 2. SUNlight is the ultimate source
for energy
• 3. SunProducersConsumers
C. Energy in Cells
• 1. All cells must turn food into
usable energy
• 2. Food can be made through
photosynthesis (autotrophs) or
obtained elsewhere (heterotrophs)
• 3. Cellular Respiration turns food
into usable energy
4. Cellular Respiration
• a. food energy is turned into
usable energy in the form of ATP
(adenosine triphosphate)
• b. Aerobic Respiration—requires
OXYGEN
• c. occurs in the “mighty”
mitochondria of ALL organisms!
• d. glucose (food) + oxygen (O2)
 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water
(H2O) + ATP (ENERGY)
Try This!
• Which statement best describes
cellular respiration?
– A. It is the change of stored chemical
energy from food into ATP.
– B. It is the conversion of light energy into
chemical energy.
– C. It is the excretion of materials out of the
cell of an organism.
– D. It is the release of oxygen from the cells
of an organism.
5. Where does food energy
come from?
• a. Heterotrophs
• 1. eat food (consumers)
• 2. absorb nutrients (decomposers)
• b. Autotrophs
• 1. Make food using energy from
sun
• 2. Photosynthesis
• a. occurs in chloroplasts.
• b. energy from sun turned into
glucose
• c. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water
(H2O) + energy (sun)
glucose (food) + oxygen (O2)
• d. cellular respiration still MUST
occur to turn food energy into ATP
Try This!
• During photosynthesis, plants use
the sun’s energy, along with CO2
and H2O, to produce high-energy
sugars. The waste product they
release in this process is
– A. nitrogen
– B. oxygen
– C. carbon dioxide
– D. methane
6. Energy Use
• a. ATP is usable energy
• b. ADP-ATP Cycle
• c. Adenosine TRIphosphate
Adenosine DIphosphate
D. Classification of
Organisms
• 1. Scientists classify organisms so
that they can easily find
information about them
• 2. Taxonomy—study of
classification
3. Linnaeus
• a. Developed modern Taxonomy
system
• b. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Genus, Species
• c. Binomial Nomenclature—
scientific names (Genus species)
4. Specifications for
Classification
• a. Organisms are grouped based
on similarities and evolutionary
history
b. Characteristics
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.
• 5.
Physical Similarities
Biochemicals (DNA, proteins)
Embryology (Development)
Chromosome Structure
Reproduction
1. Physical Similarities
Canis familiaris
DOG
Canis latrans
COYOTE
Canis lupus
WOLF
2. Biochemicals
3. Embryology
(Development)
4. Chromosome Structure
5. Reproduction
Mule—
Offspring of
horse and
donkey is
sterile
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE
Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Cell walls with
peptidoglycan
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
cellulose in
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Cell walls of
chitin
Cell walls of
cellulose;
chloroplasts
No cell walls
or chloroplasts
Unicellular
Unicellular
Most unicellular;
some colonial;
some
multicellular
Most
multicellular;
some
unicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Streptococcus,
Escherichia coli
Methanogens,
halophiles
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Mushrooms,
yeasts
Mosses, ferns,
flowering
plants
Sponges,
worms,
insects, fishes,
mammals
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
F. Organization in Organisms
• 1. CellsTissuesOrgansOrgan
SystemsOrganism
• 2. Systems
• a. Circulatory
• 1.inverebrates—open
• 2. vertebrates--closed
•
•
•
•
•
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b. Respiratory
1. invertebrates—diffusion
2. vertebrates—gills and lungs
c. Digestive
1.stomach, esophagus, mouth
2. intestines—absorption of nutrients
3. liver—filters wastes
• d. Nervous
• 1. brain, nerve cells
• 2. cephalization—concentration of
nerves in anterior (top or front)
region
• e. Support
• 1. invertebrates—EXOskeleton
• 2. verebrates—ENDOskeleton
• f. Many other systems
• 1. all systems work together to
maintain HOMEOSTASIS
• 2. respiratory brings in oxygen,
circulatory circulates the oxygen,
nervous gives directions!
Try This!
• When scientists place a species on
a certain part of a phylogenetic
tree, which of the following are
they least likely to consider?
– A. morphology (physical appearance)
– B. DNA similarities
– C. fossil record
– D. population size
G. Dichotomous or
Classification Key
• 1. A key is a list of
characteristics used to classify
an organism.