Download black holes are created when stars collapse and die from burning its

• discovered two centuries ago by John Michell
• John hypothesized that it’s possible for gravity to be so overwhelmingly strong that
nothing, not even light, could escape, which would be a black hole
• Michell said that if something can generate such a tremendous amount of gravity, it would
have to be very massive and unimaginably dense
• this led to the discovery of the black hole
• a black hole is a massive object formed by the gravitational collapse of a star exploding as
a super nova, whose gravitational field is so intense that no electromagnetic radiation can
escape it
1687 – Sir Isaac Newton described gravity in his publication of “Principia”
1783 – John Michell explained the idea of light becoming trapped inside of a
massive gravitational object
1796 – Simon Pierre LaPlace predicted the existence of black holes
1915 – Albert Einstein published the Theory of General Relativity
1916 – Karl Schwarzchild used Einstein’s publication to define a black hole
1926 – Sir Arthur Eddington opposed the black hole theory as a relativity
scientist
1935 – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar created the theory of white dwarfs, which
lead to the eventual discussion of black holes creating from stars
1964 – created the term “black hole”
1964 – Jocelyn Bell-Burnell discovered neutron stars, the most dense matter at
that time
1970 – Stephen Hawking defined the modern theory of black holes, including
their death
1970 – Cygnus X-1 found the first physical black hole
1994 – the Hubble Space Telescope provided the best evidence of tremendous
black holes in the center of galaxies
• black holes are created when stars collapse and die from
burning its core nuclear fuel
• the outer layer rebounds to form a supernova explosion
• the result is the core forming a black hole
• for it to form, the explosion must be at least three times
mass of the sun
• also, the star must have had to been between 50 and
100 times the mass of the sun for most of its life
• all black holes are located in the center of galaxies, powering
the galaxies' energy and providing its gravitational force
• black holes usually have a size of 10 to 30 km in length
• the mass of a black hole ranges from
10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg (10 nonillion kg)
to 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg (100
decillion kg)
• black holes consist of basically just matter and light
• we can’t say exactly what matter it is because it’s impossible to
get close enough to take observations
• when a star explodes and forms a black hole, the
molecules of its matter are not destroyed; they are
compressed into the heaviest matter that takes their energy
and force to form the black hole, so it is composed of the
remnants of a star after its explosion
• the temperature of a black hole is determined by its
“black body radiation temperature” from the radiation it
emits
• for black holes the mass of our sun, the temperature is
one-millionth of a degree higher than absolute zero, which
is –459.67°F
• black holes do not have any atmosphere; the surrounding
area is the gravitational energy compressing any object
that comes near it, cooling it to then be pulled into the core
of the black hole
• stellar black holes are formed from the
gravitational collapse of a massive star at the end of
its life
• in its creation, a companion star closest to it
transfers energy through a wave of heat at several
hundred million degrees to the forming black hole
to provide energy and stays there for its life time
• micro black holes are extremely tiny black holes
• their masses are much less of a star, so in the
formation, not a lot of the star’s molecules become
compressed for the black hole’s creation
• they are giant aspects of quantum mechanics
• super massive black holes are the largest type of
black holes in galaxies
• the outside of the black hole is much weaker than
the core
• nearly every galaxy contains a super massive black
hole
• as long as a black hole has material to pull into to its core to provide energy, it will continue to grow
• the process of pulling matter into its core releases a giant amount of energy, which causes surrounding
material to disperse, so it doesn’t grow as fast
• once all the starts burn out in
100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 years (100 vigintillion
years), then black holes will all eventually evaporate from the lack of energy provided
• the physical characteristic of a black hole are defined by its size, mass, and color
• despite the name, black holes are vibrant with colors ranging from all visible light depending on the
radiation it emits, which is determined by the star that created it, which depends on the location in space
it presided
• a black hole is a space where gravity is so great that a gravitational time dilatation
has occurred, which is the creation of different time zones from the greatly powerful
strength
• there is no limit on how small or large a black hole can be
• the nearest black hole is 1,600 light years away from Earth (about
16,000,000,000,000,000 kilometers [16 quadrillion kilometers] around Earth)
• a black hole cannot destroy all matter in a Universe in its core
• in the center of the Milky Way, there is a super massive black hole weighing about 4
million solar masses
• black holes can eventually evaporate, due to the radiation of color that it emits
from its mass, taking away from the initial mass every second
• if you go to a black hole, you will die
• don’t do it
• you WILL die
• if you go anywhere near a black hole,
you will be pulled in by its extreme
gravitational pull, and your body will
be compressed into the smallest matter
it can ever be formed into, when you’ll
then freeze from its temperature
• you will then be pulled into the core
at such an extreme speed that
whatever left of your body will be torn
apart
• no life can ever possibly exist at a
black hole because of the reasons
explained to the left
• a galaxy is a massive gravitationally
bound system that consists of stars,
remnants of stars, planets, and a black
hole in the center
• galaxies were discovered by a Persian
astronomer in 964 A.D. named Abd AlRahman Al Sufi
• however, it wasn’t until 1922 until the
astronomer Johann Bode discovered
galaxies past the Milky Way
• galaxies are segments of different,
larger astronomical elements in space
that contain segments with even more
aspects of the Universe broken down
into a whole balanced system
1774 – Johann Elert Bode discovered the first spiral galaxy outside of the Milky
Way and named it Bode’s Galaxy
1781 – Charles Messier discovered the first elliptical galaxy in the constellation
of Virgo
1924 – Edwin Powell Hubble discovered more galaxies outside of the Milky
Way
1929 – Sir James Jeans studied the gravitational physics and other scientific
aspects of galaxies, making great progress in the history of science
1933 – Fritz Zwicky hypothesized the existence of dark matter inside of
galaxies
1943 – CK Seyfert began to study extremely tiny galaxies in the Universe
1966 – Halton Arp published his atlas of galaxies, called the Atlas of Peculiar
Galaxies of 338 pictures of strange galaxies
2003 – the GALEX satellite was launched into space
• the creation of galaxies is based on the Big Bang
theory
• 300,000 years after this, the great amount of
clouds of hydrogen and helium that resulted from it
it began to combine
• these combinations started to form the beginning
of galaxies
• billions of years later, different galactic
components of space known today began to form
from the eventual formation of elements, matter, and
energy from the changing time period
• these components include stars, a black hole,
planets, dark matter, comets, asteroids, and clusters
of these giant galaxies in segments of the universe
• the location of galaxies include billions of different places throughout the entire Universe
• all the different galaxies have different locations in space, spread throughout regions,
clusters, and segments
• large galaxies, such as our Milky Way, are around 100,000 light years across and 3,000
light years thick
• medium-sized galaxies are about 5 times smaller, and the smaller ones are around 10
times smaller
• the average mass of a galaxy is
1,153,573,600,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg (one tredecillion, one
hundred fifty-three duodecillion, five hundred seventy-three undecillion, six hundred
decillion kg)
• the composition of galaxies include the basic structure of hydrogen and helium
• it consists of a balance of dark matter
• other matter inside include: planets, stars, meteors, comets, a black hole, and asteroids
• the temperature of galaxies range from the different areas in the galaxy
• the core is extremely cold at absolute zero, and the more distance spread outward, the more hot it
gets, reaching temperatures ranging in the hundreds of billions at some points
• the atmosphere of galaxies is just clusters of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium, that are trapped
in the gravitational field of the different matter in the galaxies
• spiral galaxies resemble the shape of a pinwheel
• over 75% of galaxies in the universe are spiral galaxies
• different kinds of spiral galaxies are based upon their arms
• all spiral galaxies rotate, taking hundreds of millions of
years to complete one rotation
• elliptical galaxies get there shape when they are formed
• 2 galaxies collide, matter is thrown out, and there is no
orbit, so they are no arms, and it is just an oval of light in
appearance
• within seven hundred million light years of Earth, 60% of all
galaxies are elliptical
• irregular galaxies appear misshapen or distinct in appearance
• this is usually because of the gravitational influence from the
galaxies nearby
• they have many sizes
• in Cold Dark Matter, groups of dark
matter breaks away due to a
gravitational force from the gradual
expanse of the Universe
• each segment, which is the size of a
galaxy, will eventually become its
own individual galaxy in a certain
part of the Universe
• when the segment is first formed,
matter falls towards its center
because of the gravitational pull it
emits, which forms the great star
that will form a black hole in the
middle
• the angular momentum of the
matter forms the orbit and slanted
figure of the galaxy
• galaxies appear in many forms depending on the type
• however, all galaxies have color, some being more bright and vibrant than others
• some galaxies show its core and then arms of spirals curving around it
• others just basically have a simple oval – shape figure of light
• also, galaxies could also appear as scattered, small circles in space
• galaxies are the largest structures
in the Universe
• there are billions of galaxies in the
visible Universe
• every galaxy contains hundreds of
millions or even billions of stars
• the number of galaxies in an
average galactic group is 50 or less
• dwarf galaxies are extremely
difficult to see and are the most
abundant type in the Universe
• we can study galaxies within
about 14 billion light years away
• if you were to go to a galaxy, you would see many interesting galactic
objects
• while nearing a galaxy in your spaceship, you would see the strange
but great appearance of a galaxy
• inside, the bright light of stars would be visible constantly through
the galaxy
• you might possibly see asteroids, planets, or other forms of matter
• many forms of life can exist in galaxies
• our human life is living on the planet Earth because it is adapted to
the resources on the planet to keep life
• on other planets, the appearance of life would be different than
humans, depending on the planet it lives on in the galaxy
• it would be able to live under the conditions of the planet
•Swiss astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky first proposed dark
matter existed
•dark matter was discovered because of the
gravitational forces that it exerts
•it was found in the empty spaces that was just
thought to be matter of specialized atoms
•1930 – discovery of dark matter by Fritz Zwicky
•1970 – discovery of flat galaxy rotation, continuing
the study of dark matter’s gravity
•1980 – most astronomers become convinced that
dark matter is only located around galaxies
•1984 – Cold Dark Matter (CMD) theory is proposed
•1992 – COBE telescope discovers CMD movements
•1998 – more evidence on dark energy is proposed
•2010 – dark matter particles are discovered
•dark matter is created from
extremely tiny cosmic particles
•these particles hold together all
the elements that we know today
•the particles formed together during
the creation of galaxies to create
dark matter
•the particles ware attracted to
light, so they formed when all the
objects of the Universe emitting
light were being created
• this is why dark matter is located
by stars, black holes, galaxies, and
other matter in space
• dark matter is only in large clumps
• it can’t be bigger than one-tenth the mass of
Earth
• dark matter does not weigh anything; however,
today, 23% of the Universe is dark matter
• dark matter consists of cosmic particles held
together by gravity and the energy of light
• the temperature of dark matter ranges from
absolute zero to the hundred thousands of degrees
• dark matter has no atmosphere because of its
composition
• hot dark matter is basically just the
name, hot dark matter
• its particles are heated because of
the location its in
• cold dark matter is cold cosmic
particles that form into dark matter
because of its location
• dark matter started to form when galaxies
began to form extremely long ago
•the light and gravity newly formed from
the new matter in the Universe attracted
cosmic particles
•they then grouped together to form dark
matter all over the Universe
•it stays in clumps of fairly large sizes until
the eventual decay of the particles takes
place
•this will cause the clumps to break apart
and the other particles will lose energy and
completely die off
• dark matter appears in clumps of itself around the
Universe
• dark matter appears in many different colors
• they are bright matter of a mysterious form
• some dark matter is even invisible and completely
undetectable
• they look life clusters of many tiny dots that stay in a
deformed shape
• Fritz Zwicky first proposed dark matter's existence in 1933
• many different temperatures
• 13.7 billion years ago, 63% of the Universe consisted of dark matter; now, only
around 23% of our universe is dark matter
• we cannot detect dark matter because it goes through everything
• we still don’t know much about dark matter to this day
• if you were to go to dark matter, you might
have some trouble finding it because of some
forms of dark matter’s invisibility
• when you go there, you may be vaporized by
the heat; you may be frozen from the cold; or
you may be able to stay on your spaceship and
life inside of a dark matter clump at the perfect
temperature
• if you go to dark matter with the correct
temperature, you can live there, but it would
either be inside your spaceship or just floating
around in a spacesuit because it is not solid;
there is no surface and it will go right through
you
http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?media_id=29520021