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Chapter 11
The Late Middle Ages:
Crisis and Disintegration in the
Fourteenth Century
What just happened?
Religion- One Church
1054 Split
12th Century Age of Faith- Gothic Cathedrals
Unified Western Christian Church
• 1215 4th Lateran Council
• Unam Sanctum
Crusades 11th through 13th Centuries
Slaughter of the Albagensians
11th Century of all Western Europe- Roman
Catholic
Threat of Islam largely ends
Nation-State developing
England under William the Conqueror
developed a more stable and unified form of
government – pre-William, England had more
in common w/Scandinavia- post
w/Continental Europe
France- Strong territorial areas, many
unique cultures, and languages…1000 years
later Charles de Gaulle said—how do you rule
a country with 246 different kinds of cheese
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fre
nch_cheeses
Germany- not a country but until the 13th
century had an effective HRE
Poland-Lithuania- strong powerful entity
North Central Europe
Russia- still smarting from the Mongols
Balkans and Eastern Empire under threat
from the Ottomans
Iberian Peninsula slowly consolidating
Italy- Venice powerful merchant State,
Florence developing textile industry
Trade
Agricultural production slowly developing
Almost all arable land in use
Some weakening of manorial ties as towns begin to
develop- under Charter from King
Jews allowed to reenter Europe in the 11th, 12th Centuries
Ghengis Khan and the Mongols reestablish strong trade
routes along the silk road- More East/West ties.
Northern Europe dominated by the Hanseatic League—
trading group.
Italy getting the lion share of trade benefitsStrong Textile industries developing in Flanders and Italy
Parenthood
Women’s roles
Town Life
A Time of Troubles: Black Death
and Social Crisis
“Little Ice Age”
The Great Famine (1315 – 1317)
The Black Death
The Black Death
Most devastating natural disaster in European
History
Bubonic Plague
Rats and Fleas
Yersinia Pestis
Originated in Asia
Arrived in Europe in 1347
Mortality reached 50 – 60 percent in some areas
Wiped out between 25 – 50 percent of European
population (19 – 38 million dead in four years)
Plague returns in 1361 – 1362 and 1369
The Disease
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Spread of the Black Death
Life and Death: Reactions to the
Plague
Plague as a punishment from God
The flagellants
Attacks against Jews
Violence
Mysticism
Hedonism
Wealthy people quarantined selves in countryside
(inspired Boccaccio and Chaucer)
Fig. 11-CO, p. 303
Medicine
Mass burial of victims in Tournai…still time to make coffins
p. 307
Flagellants wandered from town to
town flogging themselves
p. 307
Impact!
Population loss – estimated that between 25 to 50
percent of European population died between 1347
and 1351
Estimated 75 million before Plague – 19 – 38
million died
Plague did not end – came back several times
Economic Dislocation and Social
Upheaval
Labor Shortage some decline prices for
agricultural products (DEMAND DROPPED)=
Drop in aristocratic incomes
Statute of Laborers (1351) : Limit WagesDECLINE LABOR SUPPLY EXCEEDED DROP
IN FARM PRICES!
Social Mobility
Peasant Revolts
Jacquerie in France (1358)
English Peasants’ Revolt (1381)
Revolts in the Cities
Ciompi Revolt in Florence (1378)
Occupy Medieval Street?
 Did not end Feudalism, but accelerated its
decline
 Peasants changed labor dues into money rents
 Vassals changing military and political service
into cash payments
 NOTE: THERE IS HUGE DIFFERENCE
EVOLUTION SERFDOM IN EASTERN
V. WESTERN EUROPE
French nobles massacring the rebels in Meaux during the
Jacquerie in 1358
p. 309
The Effects of the Plague
 Psychologically - art was interested in morbid
scenes (danse macabre)
 Created an anxiety about life
Danse Macabre
War and Political Instability
The Hundred Years’ (sort of) War
France – three times the number of people and
wealthier, but not united because of social
conflicts; battles fought on own land; weaker royal
leadership than English
England was superior militarily – had the
longbow; smarter leadership
Part 1
• French Attack on English Gascony (1337)
• Edward III of England claims French Crown
• Also conflicts over control of Flanders, a center of the woolen
industry
• Battle of Crecy (1346)
• Battle of Poitiers (1356)
• Peace of Bretigny (1360)
Causes of the War
 Succession crisis - Dynastic conflict over who will succeed
to the French crown when the French King Charles IV died
in 1328 without an heir
 King Edward III of England claimed throne because his
grandfather Philip the Fair was King of France from 1285 to
1314
 French barons did not want Edward to be King – so they
selected Charles IV’s cousin, Philip VI of Valois
 English King held land in France (Gascony) as a vassal to
the French King - upsetting royal goals to centralize
authority
 Also conflicts over control of Flanders, a
center of the woolen industry
 Long history of prejudice and animosity
between each other (Second Hundred Years
War)
 Royalty of both countries were arrogant –
wanted glory and prestige and used their
armies to achieve it
Chart 11-1, p. 311
Course of the War
 Broke out when Edward III refused to pay
homage to King Philip VI for
Gascony/Aquitaine and the French King
seized the duchy in 1337
 Started out with knights, but was decided
with peasant foot soldiers – mostly for the
English
Burgh
ers of
Calais
The
Siege
Map 11-2, p. 314
Battle of Crecy…English longbows won
p. 312
 Part I
 Battle of Crecy (1346) –
 Normandy;the French large, but unorganized army to meet the
English who crushed them; the longbow by the English
devastated the French; was not a turning point because English
did not have enough resources to control the country; did take
Calais in the North as a place to stage future invasions
 Edward’s son, the prince of Wales, Black Prince -he
roved the countryside, wreaking havoc and bringing
terror to the peasants
 Battle of Poitiers (1356) –
 French defeat at the hands of the Black Prince in
which the French King John II was captured;
 Peace of Bretigny (1359) –
 French large ransom for King, England gained more
territory in Gascony. Edward renounced his claim to
the French throne
Part II
 Charles V ->King of France (1364 – 1380) and
pushed English back, but England still was
plagued by free mercenaries roaming the
countryside; a time of relative peace
 Late 14th CenturyEnglish and French Monarchs
were each in turmoil- French King mentally
unstable
•
•
•
•
•
Marauding bands
French raids on England
French regain some territory
Burgundy France rift
25 yr peace treaty
Part III
• Henry V (1413 – 1422)
 Battle of Agincourt (1415) Major Victory
 Treaty of Troyes- Marriage Henry V and Catherine French Princess
Part IV
•
•
•
•
•
Charles the Dauphin (heir to the French throne)
Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431)
Siege of Orleans
Captured by Burgundians (allies of the English) in 1430
Burned at the Stake (1431)
 Gunpowder For next two decades, French pushed English North; used
cannons;
 By 1453, English only possessed Calais
War Ends with French victory (1453)
What does it all mean?
France in 1420
p. 317
Joan of Arc
p. 316
Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431) – Maid of Orleans
from Orleans, a city being attacked by the English;
religious visions voices of Saints commanding her to free France and
to save Charles the Dauphin (the heir to the throne);
royal court convinced the Dauphin to send an army with her to
Orleans;
inspired French army ->defeated the English and pushed them
North;
Charles the Dauphin ->King of France;
Voices of???? INQUISITION! Burgundians charged witchcraft and
burnt her at the stake for heresy;
Inspiration!
 Between 1894 and 1920 Church promoted Joan to
Sainthood
What the heck is Burgundy and why should I care?
France in 1450
Impact of the War
Awakened sense of national identity among English and
French
English increased power of Parliament because of the need
to finance the war through taxes,
Parliament took its current two part structure (House of Commons
and House of Lords);
France created the Estates General, but it was weak
compared to the English Parliament because France still had
princes, local customs and laws, French Kings preferred to
work for themselves instead of depending on the Estates
General to raise taxes;
Difficult for peasants because experienced attacks on fields
and were taxed by the nobles (Jacquerie in France and
Peasant Revolt in England)
Does not add up to 100 years – 68 years of nominal peace,
44 of hot? war
p. 316
In sum? ->Political Instability
Breakdown of Feudal Institutions
Scutage
New Royal Dynasties
Financial Problems
Parliaments gain power
p. 319
Western Europe: England and
France
England: $$$$ War Cost $$$$
Edward III (1327 – 1377)
• Parliament
 House of Lords
 House of Commons
• Lancasters and Henry IV
England: War of the Roses (White York,
Red Lancaster) 1455-1485
House of York* and House of Lancaster
• Henry VI—(6th not 4th) loses—Tower of London
• House of Tudor wins? Henry VII
France
Estates General formed- but weak
$$$ for war—Gabelle and Taille
France: Charles VI (1380 – 1422)
France: Civil War
• Burgundy and Orleans
Victory in the 100 yr War--
Soldiers ransacking a house in Paris, mid 14th century
p. 320
Germany & Italy
The German Monarchy
Breakup of the Holy Roman Empire
Hundreds of States
Elective Monarchy
• The Golden Bull (1356)
• Weak kings
The States of Italy
Lack of centralized authority
Republicanism to Tyranny
Development of regional states
• Milan
• Florence- Popolo grasso, grandi, ciompi (not types of pasta)
• Venice- Republic- Council of Ten
Italian states in the 14th century
p. 321
The Ponte Vecchio – Venice
The Decline of the Church
Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State
Boniface VIII (1294 – 1303)
• Conflict with Philip the Fair of France
• Unam Sanctam (1302)
• Captured by French at Anagni
Clement V->French Cardinals?
• NOTE AVIGNON WAS NOT OFFICIALLY PART OF FRANCE
The Papacy at Avignon (1305 – 1378) Babylonian
Captivity
Stay at Avignon leads to a decline in papal prestige
Captives of the French monarchy
New Sources of revenue
Catherine of Siena (c. 1347 – 1380)
The 13th Century Papacy
 Roman Catholic Church - height of its power – authority was
taken away from bishoprics and centralized in the hands of
the pope
 Theory of papal supremacy – included idea of “fullness of
power” ->claimed spiritual head of Christendom and claims
to universal temporal authority over all secular (nonreligious) leaders
 Pope exercised power as a monarch – created a law court,
disposed of benefices, taxation of clergy
 As state authority grew at the end of the Middle Ages,
church and state came into an irreversible conflict
Boniface VIII presiding over a gathering of cardinals
p. 323
Pope Boniface and Philip the Fair
 Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303) - 1296 – Boniface told
European rulers not to tax the clergy – but they did anyway
–targeted King Philip the Fair of France who was taxing the
clergy to fund his war against the English –King Philip
refused – Boniface backed down
 Unam Sanctum – papal bull (law) of 1302 that declared that
there were two powers on earth – a temporal (earthly) and
a spiritual (heavenly) – stated the spiritual power is greater
than the temporal power
King Philip -ignore the bull and Boniface was going to
excommunicate him when Philip kidnapped Boniface – Boniface
rescued but died one month later
Bridge at Avignon – The City of the Popes
p. 323
Church dominated by French – 113 of 134 new cardinals
were French-> Why does this matter?
Church expanded its power by consolidating its
administration and creating a specialized bureaucracy
Clement VI (1342 – 1352)
began practice of selling indulgences (pardons for unrepented
sins);
idea of purgatory (place of punishment where souls would atone
for venal sins);
later indulgences could be sold for souls already dead
The Great Schism
Papacy returns to Rome in 1378- why? How?
Rival Popes elected
Pope Urban VI
Pope Clement VII
The Great Schism divides Europe
Who supports who?
Mysticism?- Modern Devotion?
New ideas
• Wycliffe
• Hus
Council of Pisa (1409)
Deposed both popes and elected a new pope
Popes refuse to step down
Results in three popes
Council of Constance (1414 – 1418)
End of the Schism
Pope Martin V (1417 – 1431)
p. 324
Criticism of the Church
 Marsilius of Padua (1270 – 1342) –
 wrote that spiritual law was not superior to
temporal law;
 spiritual law should confine itself to spiritual
functions;
 the clergy had no special authority from God;
 final religious authority should rest with a
general church council, not the pope
John Wycliffe (ca 1330 – 1384) –
a radical professor of religion at Oxford who argued that the
true head of the Church was Jesus Christ, not the pope;
Jesus and his disciples, the clergy should own no land or
wealth;
Bible alone – not the pope – was the final authority for
Christian life;
sincere Christians should read the Bible for themselves;
English agreed with him, in part because of the 100 Years
War and the association of the pope with the French
Followers of Wycliffe were called Lollards, which means
“mumblers of prayer and psalms,” referring to the people
being criticized
Jan Huss (d. 1415)
argued a similar case in Bohemia –
the authority of the Bible is higher than the pope
was burned at the stake as a heretic at the Council of
Constance
Conciliar Movement
 Reform of the church through periodic assemblies, or
general councils, representing all the Christian people
 the pope derives authority from entire Christian community
– pope was not an absolute authority incapable of doctrinal
error
 Council of Pisa (1409) – two colleges of cardinals (Rome
and Avignon) summoned a council in Pisa, deposed of the
two popes, and elected a new pope
 – 3 popes!
 Council of Constance (1414) ->Holy Roman Emperor
Sigismund to end the schism, reform the church, and to wipe
out heresy
 Sigismund got all three popes to resign – and the council
elected a new pope, Martin V
Culture and Society in an Age of
Adversity
The Developments of Vernacular Literature
Dante Alighieri (1265 – 1321)
• The Divine Comedy (1313 – 1321)
Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340 – 1400)
• The Canterbury Tales
Christine de Pizan (c. 1364 – 1400)
• The Book of the City of Ladies (1404)
Art and the Black Death
Giotto (1266 – 1337)
Ars Moriendi
Christine de Pizan, vernacular writer late 14th-early 15th century
p. 328
Change & Invention
Changes in Urban Life
Greater Regulation
Marriage
Gender Roles
• Male: Active and Domineering
• Women: Passive and Submissive
Medicine
Medical schools---Salerno, Montpellier, Bologna, Oxford, Padua, and
Paris.
Midwives, barber-surgeons
Inventions and New Patterns
The Mechanical Clock
• New Conception of Time
Gunpowder
Mechanical Clock in the Prague Town Hall
Discussion Questions
What impact did the Black Death have on medieval
European society?
What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War?
Who was Joan of Arc and what role did she play in the
Hundred Years’ War?
How did the Hundred Years’ War impact the relations
between the English King and his Parliament?
Why did the stay at Avignon lead to a decline in papal
prestige?
How was the Great Schism finally ended?
How did Dante, Chaucer and Christine de Pisan reflect the
values of their respective societies?
How did the Black Death affect urban and family life?
Web Links
ORB – Online Reference Book for Medieval
Studies
The End of Europe’s Middle Ages
The Black Death, 1347 – 1350
Medieval Dance of Death
De Re Militari – Society for Medieval Military
History
The Age of King Charles V
The World of Dante
Geoffrey Chaucer