Download Chapter 10 : Europe in the middle ages

Europe in the middle ages
Section 1: Peasants, Trade, and
Cities
The New Agriculture:
 Population:
 doubled in England during the High Middle Ages
 Led to a need for increased food production – Climate
change and ideal growing conditions.
 New improvements in farm technology:
 Heavier Plow:
 -Cistercian Monks
 -Carruca
 Horse Power
 More land:
 - Cistercian Monks
The New Agriculture:
 Three field crop rotation:
 Old 2 field system
 800
 Planted: Fall – grains (rye & wheat) harvested
in the summer. Second field in the spring
grains (oats & barley) and vegetables (peas &
beans) harvested in the fall.
 Result – increase in food and a healthier diet
Manorial System:
 Feudalism:
 Landholding Nobles:
 - Military elite – need leisure time to pursue the Art of
War.
 Manors
 - Peasants – Serfs –legally tied to the land
 Serfs:
 - - Had to provide:
 Labor Services:
 Working the Lords land
 Building barns, digging ditches and other manual
labor requested by the Lord
Manorial System:
 Pay rents:
 A share of every product raised
 Paid the lord for the use of …….
 Peasants also had to pay a tithe
Subject to Lord’s control:
 Serfs:
Lords permission
 Lords:
 Political Authority
The Peasant Household
 Life was simple:
 Cottages
 Cycle of Labor: Labor based on the cycle of the
seasons
 Harvest time: August and September
 New Cycle:
October
November
February and March
Early summer
The Peasant Household
 Days off: Feast Days
 3 great feast days:
 1. Christmas
 2.Easter
 3. Pentecost
 4. Other days
 contact with the village church - Priests
 Peasant Women:
 Food and drink:
 - Diet
The Revival of Trade
 Growth of towns led to the revival of trade:
 Venice
 Towns of Flanders (coast of present day Belgium and
Northern France)
 Hanseatic League
 Fairs:
 - People come to the towns for religious activities
 Trade:
 - gold and silver coins
 Money Economy
 Commercial Capitalism
The Growth of the Cities
 The Growth of the Cities
 Revival of trade = growth of the Cities:
 More food-more people
 1200 –Vince, Milan and Florence /Paris /London /Typical size
 Old and New Cities
 Towns people not fitting into classic molds :
 New Social Class
 Burgh
 Burghers
 Bourgeoisie.
 Towns and the Lords
 authority of the Lords
 Rights
 City Governments
 Patricians
 City Life
 Women
Industries and Guilds
 Organizations:
 Guilds
 Merchant Guilds (1st Guilds)
 Craft Guilds
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Skilled Artisans
 Guild Functions: standards, Fixed prices, and Dues
 Training New Workers:
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- The Hall
 apprentice
 Journeyman
 Masterpiece
 Master
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Section 2: Medieval Christianity
The Papal Monarchy
 1. Papal States
 2. Church
 3. Monks will adopt stricter rules
 - 910 – Monastery at Cluny – founded by the Duke of Aquitaine not for
personal wealth and power
 4. Reformers and Abuses
 - Reformers want to purify the church – remove king and lord control
 -Rid the church of 3 Conditions:
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1. End marriage of priests
2. Stop Simony
3. End Lay Investiture
Reform the Papacy
Pope Gregory VII –carried out aims of the reform movement
Lay Investiture
 Henry
 German Bishops (all invested by him)
 Pope responds with his own letter to the Bishops and he excommunicates Henry
 Showdown Pope vs. Emperor
 Key is who will the German Bishops side with?
 Henry wants forgiveness – Travels to Canossa (Small Italian Village in the Alps)
Solved nothing – Gregory dies in 1085 and Henry in 1106
 1122 – City of Worms (Vawrms)
 Concordat of Worms
 The Church Supreme
 Popes power over the kings
 Pope Innocent III
 Excommunication
 Interdict
 sacraments
 The Age of Faith
New Religious Order
A new Activism
 Cistercians -1098 –group of monks were unhappy with the lack of
discipline at their own Benedictine Monastery.
 Women in Religious Orders
 Hildegard of Bingen
 Franciscans and Dominicans
 Dominicans
 Dominic de Guzman Franciscans
 St. Francis of Assisi
 The Inquisition
 War against heresy
 Experts to find heretics and judge them
 1225- Popes sent the experts throughout Europe to find heretics
Religion in the High Middle Ages
The church was an important part of
people’s lives
 The sacraments
 Saints
 Use of Relics
 Pilgrimage
Others –Rome (remains of Peter and
Paul), many site for Mary and in Spain,
Santiago de Compostela.
Section 3: Culture of the High Middle
Ages
Architecture
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Architecture
Churches rose in new style
Church wealth
1000-1100 towns built massive churches
Types of architecture:
 Romanesque
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Huge doors
Rounded arches
Heavy roofs
Thick Walls
Rows of pillars
Painted in bright colors
Architecture
 Romanesque
Architecture
 Gothic
 Suger (Soo-zhay) Abbot of the Monetary of Saint
Dunis (Sahn duh-nee) - his vision
 Goal 3 Keys to Gothic Architecture:
 Pointed ribbed vaults
 Narrow bands of stone called ribs
 Stained glass windows
 Flying Buttresses
 Pointed Arches
 1163 –Paris – Tallest church in Christendom – Notre
Dame – 114 feet tall
Architecture
 Gothic
Architecture
Architecture
Universities
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Universities
University – Group of scholars not the building they meet in
1100’s – Paris, France, Bologna, Italy, and Oxford, England
Students middleclass families
Goal of Education
Degrees:
 Bachelor’s degree
 Master’s degree
 At the start teachers could teach anywhere in Europe because
everyone spoke Latin
 Scholars rediscover Greek writings
 Greek writings– Trade
 Greek translated into Latin
Universities
 Pagans vs. The Church
 New teachings not based on the Bible but on reasoning
 – Leads to debates
 Example: Aristotle
 Most important class at the University: Theology will be
influenced by Scholasticism
 Harmonize Christian teachings with Greek Philosophers
 Thomas Aquinas
 Will link faith and reason – saw no conflict between the two
 Summa Theologica
 Others:
 John Duns Scotus
 William Ockham
 1260’s – Pope Clement IV asked Roger Bacon to write an encyclopedia ,
Opus Majus,
Vernacular Literature
 Vernacular Literature
 Latin was the universal language
 Used in church and schools
 Vernacular – the language of everyday speech in a
particular region – Spanish, French, English, or German
 New market for vernacular literature
 Popular Vernacular Literature:
 Troubadours poetry
 Chanson de Geste
 Song of Roland
Section 4: The Late Middle Ages
The Late Middle Ages
 1300’s – Europe will face crop failures, disease,
war and plague
 Example: Barcelona Spain
 Why?
 Famine
 Climate change –
1000-1300’s – Temps warmer than average
1300’s – Temps. Drop – “Little Ice Age”
Black Death
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Black Death
Plague that struck Europe in the 1300’s
1347 – Genoese ship
Condition:
 High fever
 Black swellings around neck and joints
 Most died within a 24 hour period
 Doctors are helpless – didn’t know the cause
 Cause – flees on rats
 Social and Economic Impact
 God had sent it as a punishment
 Extreme reactions;
 Anti-Semitism – hostility toward Jews.
 Jews were blamed
 Germany
 Lack of population meant that there were fewer workers
 Serfdom began to disappear and the Manor economy began to die out
 England 1381
 Also in France, Italy and Belgium
 Peasants did not win
 “Ideal Society”
Black Death
Decline of church Power:
The popes of Avignon
 Pope Boniface VIII
 King Philip IV
 Unam Sanctum –
 Two powers – Temporal – Earthly and Spiritual – Heavenly
 Kings must always obey the Pope!!!!!
 King Philip IV
 In 1305 – Philip the Fair convinced the cardinals to appoint a
French pope – Clement V – Stated that there was too much
violence in Rome
 England, Germany, and Italy
 Babylonian Captivity
 Avignon
The Great Schism
 Pope Gregory XI
 The College of Cardinals in Rome
 Pope Urban VI – “keep the papacy in the city (Urban)”
 Robert of Geneva – Pope Clement VII
 Two popes – Both excommunicated the other
 French – Avignon – Clement VII
 Italian – Rome – Urban VI
 This division or split is known as the Great Schism
 Great Schism:
 Support
 French – Avignon
 England, Germany, & Italy – Rome
 Problems
 Political issues
 Damaged the church
 Church council will bring the Schism to an end in 1417
 John Hus
 War in short:
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The Hundred Years War
Four stages:
1337 – 1360 – King Edward of England (Duke of Gascony and a vassal to the French King)
1361- 1396 – French reconquer all of what the English had taken
1397 – 1420 – English invade again and took the Northern part of France
1421-1453 – French rallied; 1429 inspired by Joan of Arc; Forced the English out of France
except for Calais.
 New Weapons and Tactics Change Warfare:
 Crecy and Agincourt:
 King Henry V
 Fighting for a Nation –State
 1415 – Battle of Agincourt – 8, 000 English vs. 5,000 French
 Joan of Arc:
 Joan of Arc – 17 – heard heavenly voices that told her she needed to get rid of the
English and reestablish the throne for Charles VI son, “Charles the Dauphin the King”
 May 7, 1429 – Joan will lead the French army into battle
 Orleans and Joan led the charge
 Charles VII on July 17, 1429
 Her demise
 Did the English no good
The Hundred Years War
Political Recovery
New Monarchies (1450 -1500)
The new monarch will replace the feudal
kings
 New monarchs had 3 important sources of
power:
 Control of Taxes
Professional Army
 Professional officials
France & England
 France
 Charles VII (Joan of Arc)
 Taxes – Taille – tax on land and Gabelle – tax on salt
 Louis XI
 Charles son
 Spider King
 Solidified the King of France as a king with unlimited power
 England
 War of the Roses
 Splits England – 1455 – civil war
 Two branches of English Royalty claimed the crown
 Duke of York – White Roses
 Duke of Lancaster – Red Roses
 Disrupts the reign of 3 kings
 Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485
 Henry Tudor – Henry VII – Tudor Dynasty – 1485-1509
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Justice of the Peace –Long tradition of local government
Feudal Dues and “Tonnage and poundage”
No wars – Peace – People loved it
Parliament– nobles lose power
Court of the Star Chamber
Spain & Central and Eastern Europe
(Holy Roman Empire)
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Spain
Isabella and Ferdinand
Spain –Re-conquest – By 1400 Muslims only held Granada a Kingdom
Spain split into 5 – kingdoms – Granada – Muslim/ Portugal, Navarre, Castile, and
Aragon – Christian
Castile and Aragon are the largest
Castile – Isabella and Aragon – Ferdinand
1482- Conquer last Granada – 10 years 1492
No longer religious toleration – “One king, one law, one faith”
Heresy – Jews and Muslims
Spain united by 1516 – modern borders
Central and Eastern Europe (Holy Roman Empire)
Germany divided
Hapsburg Dynasty in Austria
Eastern Europe
 Poland – nobles elected their kings – weakened the monarchy
 Hungary – nobles lost power to a well-organized central administration
 Russia