Download Chapter 14

1.
A Growing Food Supply

Switched from Ox to
Horse
 Could plow 3x’s as
much land in a day
 Better harnesses
invented

3-field system
 Two fields planted,
one fallow
1.
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Guilds
Merchants of the same
business
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Controlled number of
goods being traded and
kept prices up
Set standards for
quality of work, wages,
working conditions
Craft guild (open to
page 388)
Young people trained
in a skilled job
Apprentice,
Journeyman, Master
3. Commercial Revolution
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Trade and business
expanded, cities grow
Fairs and Trade
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Cloth most common item
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Trade routes opened up
Businesses and Banks
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Bills of credit eliminated
need to carry a lot of cash

Merchants needed to
borrow money.
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This was seen as a sin
(usury) in the eyes of the
Church
Society Changes

See paged 390
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Trade and towns
Grow Together
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Drawbacks
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Streets narrow, filled
with animals and their
waste
No sewers, no baths,
no fresh air, light, clean
water
Houses fire hazards
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Merchant Class Shifts the
Social Order

Merchants and craftspeople
did not fit medieval social
order
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At first, Feudal lords had
authority
Burghers took over

During the Crusades,
European contact with
Muslims and
Byzantines expanded
which brought an
interest in learning

The Muslim Connection
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Christian scholars visited Muslim libraries in
Spain
Crusaders brought back Muslim technology
Scholars and the University

People made the medieval university
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Used vernacular language
Be familiar with the popular literature

Thomas Aquinas

Argued basic religious
truths could be proved
by logical argument
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Followers became
known as schoolmen
or scholastics

Early Invasions

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Danish, Vikings

Alfred the Great, turned
them back, but then…
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Danish king Canute
conquered England, but
then…
King Edward the Confessor
takes the throne

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Died with no heir, struggle
for the throne occurred
The Norman Conquest

William, Duke of Normandy,
(William the Conqueror)
invaded England

Battle of Hastings
changed course of
English History

England’s Evolving
government

1.
2.
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Henry II married Eleanor of
Aquitaine

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Two goals:
Help French lands
Have powers over nobles
and Church
Henry became vassal to
the French king. But was
King of England at the
same time.
Juries and Common Law


Judges sent out to parts
of England
Common law established
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Magna Carta
 Richard the Lion-hearted
succeeded Henry II
 John then took over
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What happened?
 Magna Carta developed
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What were some of these
rights?
The Model Parliament (served
as a model for later kings
 Edward I
 Two burgesses and knights
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Parliament established:
legislative group
 Made up of two groups

House of Commons
(two burgesses and
knights)

House of Lords
(nobles and
bishops)
Capetian Dynasty Rules France

After the breakup of
Charlemagne's empire,
French counts and dukes
ruled their lands
independently under the
feudal system
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47 Feudal territories
Louis the Sluggard, last
member of the
Carolingian family, died

Hugh Capet succeeded
him
France Becomes a Separate Kingdom
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Hugh Capet and
ancestors weak
rulers, however,
controlling Paris
allowed them to unite
France
Phillip II Expands His Power
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Philip II, Philip Augustus,
won of the strongest
Capetian rulers
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He saw his father lose
land to King Henry II from
England
Became king at age 15;
willing to do anything to
achieve goals.
Did not have success
against Henry II, or his
son (Richard the Lion
Hearted)
Did have success from
King John. Seized
Normandy.
Philip II’ Heirs

Louis IX
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Philip’s grandson
France central
government became
stronger under him
Pious an saintly
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Made saint by Catholic
Church
1302, Philip IV fought
with the pope
because priests didn’t
pay taxes to the king
Estates-General
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Typically only lords and
bishops called to discuss
policies.
Philip called the commoners
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Church leaders were the
First estate
Lords, Second Estate
Commoners became the
Third Estate
Meeting Philip called was he
Estates-General
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E.G. helped increase royal
power
1st and 2nd would not grow
3rd would play a key role in
overthrowing the French
monarchy during the French
Revolution
The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague

Pope and church were in trouble
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Pope Boniface VIII
vs.
King Philip IV of France
 King used his power with the bishops
 Pope sent a letter saying kings
must obey popes
 King held pope prisoner
 Pope was rescued
 Pope never again has power
over monarchs
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Philip IV got a French archbishop as
a new pope, Clement V
Clement V moved papacy from
Rome, Italy to Avignon, France.
Popes live there for 69 years
Reformers tried to move the
papacy back to Rome
Italian pope chosen, Urban VI.
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Bishops regretted their decision
Chose a second pope, Clement VII
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Now there were two Popes
Each said the other was
not pope and
excommunicated them
French pope lived in
Avignon, Italian pope
lived in Rome
Church began to split;
became known as Great
Schism (division)

Council of Constance tried to end the
Great Schism
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Chose another pope
Now 3 popes
Holy Roman Emperor told the council to
resign all three popes
New pope chosen, Martin V
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Result
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Ended the Great Schism
Papacy weakened
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Englishman: John
Wycliffe
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Said Jesus Christ, not
the pope was the true
head of the Church
Bible, not the pope
was the final authority
for Christian life

Jan Hus, said
authority of Bible
higher than the pope

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Excommunicated in
1412.
1414 Hus seized by
Church leaders, burned
at the stake in 1415.
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Another name: Black
Death
1300’s
1/3 of the population
Tore communities apart
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Began in Asia
Arrived by ship
Swept through
Italy
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Took four years
Killed almost 25 million
Europeans
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Carried by black rats
People didn’t bathe, most
had fleas or lice
Garbage and sewage thrown
into the streets
Fleas leapt from person to
person
Symptoms

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Painful swellings (called
buboes) in the lymph nodes,
especially in the armpits and
groin
Purplish, blackish spots,
high fever, shills, delirium,
death
Approximately 75 million
died world-wide
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Social and Economic
changes (see page
401)
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War marked the end of
medieval Europe’s society
What was the war about?

French Throne
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England's Edward III
claimed the right to
French throne
Lasted from 1337-1453
Ultimately, the French
drove out the English
Warfare changed
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Battle of Crecy (read)
“machine gun” of the
Middle Ages
As tall, or taller
than the man
Fatal when shot within
100 yards
12-15 per minute
Could hit 200 yards
away
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Treaty between
France and England
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After French king
Charles VI died, Henry
V, from England, would
take over.
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Teenage French peasant girl,
began to hear voices of saints
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Led French army into victory at a
battle near Orleans
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Told her to drive out the English
Crown should go to Charles VII.
Persuaded Charles to go to Reims.
He was crowned king.
England’s allies, captured her and
gave her to the English
English gave her to church
authorities
Charles VII did nothing to help her
Condemned as a witch and
heretic, she was burned at the
stake.
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Nationalism
French monarch
power increased
War of the Roses,
period of English
turmoil
End of Hundred Years
War end of Middle
Ages