Download World History

Bellwork
What was the plague in Europe? Where did
the plague come from and how many people
died?
World History
Section 4, Unit 8
Middle Ages pt. 3
Century in Turmoil
Required Reading: Medieval Europe: Rats!
Objectives
• Identify events during the 1300s that
changed the attitudes towards religion in
Europe
• Identify how the bubonic plague and
Hundred Years War tore Europe apart
• Explain how the Church began to lose
power in Europe and how this led into the
Great Schism
Trouble Brewing
• At the turn of the 1200s and 1300s, the
Church was thriving.
• However, new ideals of political
representation and disasters– both natural
and manmade– caused extreme changes in
the role of the Church and everyday life in
medieval Europe.
Church Divided
• By the 1300s, the papacy seemed in some
ways still strong.
• However, the Church would soon face some
desperate times.
Question: How involved was the Church in
everyday life in Medieval Europe?
Church Divided
• One of the earliest
problems for the Church
came in 1300, when Pope
Boniface VIII attempted to
enforce the papal authority
on King Philip IV of France,
who had asserted his
authority over French
bishops.
• Pope Boniface VIII declared
to Philip IV that he must
obey the pope (and
therefore church
authority).
Church Divided
• Philip literally sneered at the pope and, in
1303, held Boniface prisoner.
– Philip had planned to bring the pope to France
for trial.
• Boniface was eventually rescued, but died a
month later due to age.
• Never again would the pope be able to force
monarchs to obey him after this debacle.
Church Divided
• Philip IV was unable to keep Boniface
captive, so instead he persuaded the College
of Cardinals to choose Clement V to
become pope.
• Clement V moved to the city of Avignon (avee-nyawn) in France where the papal
power remained for 67 years.
How do you think the move to
Avignon would affect the Church’s
power?
Church Divided
• The move to Avignon
badly weakened the
Church.
• The Church attempted
to solve this problem
by moving the papacy
back to Rome, which
failed horribly when
the new Pope, Gregory
XI, died while visiting
Rome.
Church Divided
• When Gregory died, the
College of Cardinals met
to select a new Pope.
– They were met with a
large mob who demanded
a Roman pope (or at least
an Italian).
• The cardinals chose an
Italian pope, Urban VI.
– Many cardinals almost
immediately regretted the
choice.
Church Divided
• Urban VI was arrogant and wanted to
reform the Church (he also questioned the
luxury of the clergy and criticized the
payments they received by from kings).
• In response, the French cardinals elected
another pope a few months later: Clement
VII.
Question: They just elected a new pope into the
papacy. What problem might this cause?
Great Schism
Now there
were two
popes (at
one point,
there were
actually
three).
The Great Schism
• Each declared the other to be a false pope
and excommunicated the other.
• The French pope lived in Avignon and the
Italian pope lived in Rome.
• The existence of two popes became known
as the Great Schism– or division- of the
Church.
The Great Schism
• Ultimately, the Great
Schism ended thanks to
the Holy Roman
Emperor.
• The Emperor forced the
two popes (and a third
who was voted in during
this time) to resign.
• In 1417, a new pope was
chosen: Martin V.
– With the election of a
new pope, the schism
ended.
Challenges to Authority
• While the papacy dealt with issues
concerning who was pope, they also faced
the criticisms of two professors.
• The first was an Englishman named John
Wycliffe.
– He argued that Jesus, not the pope, was head of
the Church.
Challenges to Authority
• Wycliffe was also
disgusted with the
worldliness and wealth of
the church.
– Wycliffe believed the clergy
should live a life of poverty.
• Aside from lifestyle
criticisms, Wycliffe also
argued that the Bible
alone was the final
authority on Christian
life.
Challenges to Authority
• Wycliffe spread his ideas by promoting the
English translation of the New Testament,
which was only available in French or Latin
a the time.
• Through his work, Wycliffe inspired
another professor– Jan Hus of Bohemia– to
promote the idea that the Bible had more
authority than the pope.
Challenges to Authority
• Hus was excommunicated
and- after being tried as a
heretic- was burned at the
stake in 1415.
• However, while the
Church was handling
issues concerning papal
authority, a new problem
would strike Europe (or
rather, was already
occurring)– with
devastating results.
Question: Who were the Mongols?
What did they bring with them to
Europe?
The Black Death
• In Asia, the Mongols through conquest had
inadvertently spread the plague into the
Muslim world, where it infected millions.
• Through trade, European merchants arrived
in Sicily with cargo carrying the disease.
– Rats tended to carry fleas that were infected
with the disease.
Video
• Before we move
forward, let’s watch a
short video about the
Black Death itself and
a quick overview of the
facts.
Black Death from Ratatouille
Remember, rats did not
cause the Black Death.
They simply helped
transport the disease.
Black Death
• The disease spread
from Italy and
followed trade routes
into France, Germany,
England, and other
parts of Europe.
• The disease became
known as the “black
death”, due to the
blackish spots
produced on the skin.
Black Death
• While catastrophes normally pulled
communities together, the Black Death
ripped apart the very fabric of society.
• One writer described the scene as such:
This scourge had implanted so great a terror in the hearts of
men and women that brothers abandoned brothers, uncles
their nephews, sisters their brothers, and in many cases
wives deserted their husbands. But even worse,… fathers
and mothers refused to assist their own children.
--Giovanni Boccaccio.
Black Death
• Frightened people
turned to the
scapegoat to blame:
the Jews.
• Jews were blamed for
bringing the plague by
poisoning the wells.
All over Europe, Jews
were forced from their
homes or massacred.
Jews being burned for
“causing” the plague
The Black Death
• The Black Death took around 4 years to
reach almost every community in Europe.
• In communities infected, almost threefourths of the people infected died.
• Before the Black Death finally ran it’s
course, it killed 25 million in Europe, and
over 39 million throughout all of Asia.
Danse Macabre
1. What do the skeletons represent in
these pictures?
2. Who are they coming into contact
with?
3. What is the meaning behind these
pictures?
Effects
• The plague returned
every so often, but
never struck as
severely as the first
time. However, the
attacks always reduced
the population.
• The economic effects
of the plague were
enormous.
Question: What do you think the effect of the plague
was on Europe and the Church?
Effects
• Town populations and trade fell.
• As resources became scarce, prices rose and
fewer people meant that workers were
scarce as well.
• Many serfs had left the manor during the
plague, which weakened the already
fractured manor system.
– Peasants began to revolt against the nobles in
various areas of Europe.
Effects
• The Church lost a lot of
it’s power when it’s
prayers and penances
failed to stop the plague.
• Many clergy members,
overcome with fear,
abandoned their flocks
during the plague. Their
actions caused
irreparable damage on
the Church’s prestige.
Effects
• At the time, art and
literature reflected an
unusual awareness of
death.
• As well, people began to
focus more on earthly
pleasures than the rewards
of the afterlife– this
included eating, drinking
and “be[ing] merry”.
– People began to realize than
life was too short to not
enjoy it.
Effects
• The plague disrupted medieval society and
helped cause the Middle Ages to collapse.
• But, while the plague ravaged Europe, the
issues between France and England would
finally hit a head and would yet again bring
Europe into chaos.
The Hundred Years’ War
• When the last Capetian
king died in France,
England’s Edward III
claimed the French
throne because he was
Philip IV’s grandson.
• The war that Edward
launched for the throne
continued on and off
from 1337 and 1453 and
was known as the
Hundred Years’ War.
Charles of Valois
--born in the House
of Capet, created the
House of Valois
Philip III
King of France
Philip IV
King of France
Louis
X
King of
France
(1)
Philip V
King of
France
(2)
Philip VI
King of France
(1328-50)
Charles IV
King of
France (3)
Isabella
Edward
II
King of
England
John II
King of France
(1350-1364)
Charles V
King of France
(1364-1380)
Edward III
King of England–
grandson of Philip IV
Hundred Years’ War Family Tree
Charles VI
King of France (1380-1422)– failed leader who
gave way to the English’s successful campaigns
Charles VII
King of France– was disinherited from the
throne initially, but ruled from 1422-1461
The Hundred Years’ War
• The war was fought almost entirely on
French soil, with victory passed back and
forth between England and France.
• After a series of important victories by
England, the French and English signed a
treaty that would allow Henry V of England
to inherit the French crown at the death of
French king Charles VI.
Question: How might the French feel
about losing the crown?
The Hundred Years’ War
• The French, due to the treaty, lost hope.
• However, in 1429, a teenage girl named Joan
of Arc said she was told by God to rescue
France from its English conquerors.
• Her goal was to give the French crown to
France’s true king, Charles VII (Charles VI’s
son).
The Hundred Years’ War
• Joan convinced Charles
that she was sincere and
in 1429 Joan led the
French army into battle
against an English fort.
• The English had been
sieging the city of
Orleans from this fort.
• The French tried to take
the fort, but began to
retreat.
To actually reach Charles, Joan dressed as a man
and trekked across English controlled territory.
The Hundred Years’ War
• As they turned, however, Joan and a few
soldiers at her side charged towards the fort.
• The French army followed her and broke
enemy lines, protecting Orleans in the
process.
• After the victory, she persuaded Charles VII
to take back his crown and turned the tide
in favor of France.
The Hundred Years’ War
• However, despite her
work, she was captured
by the English who
turned her over to the
Church for witchcraft
(claiming she heard
voices).
• While Charles VII owed
his crown to Joan, he
was unable to save her.
• She was tried at the
stake and burned to
death in 1431.
The Hundred Years’ War
• Despite the death of Joan (and partially
because of her), the French rallied and
drove the English out of France, except for
the port city of Calais.
• While the war cost France numerous lives,
property, and vast amount of money,
France’s monarchy was able to use the war
to increase their power and prestige.
Impact
• The war gave both
countries a sense of
nationalism.
• People no longer
felt loyal to their
lords, but rather to
their king and
country.
Impact
• Following the Hundred Years’ War, the
English suffered a period of internal turmoil
known as the War of Roses, in which two
noble families fought for the crown.
• Regardless, the war gave more power to
parliament in England, due to Edward III’s
constant requests for money.
1453
• When the Hundred Years’ War ended in 1453,
many modern historians considered this to be
the official end of the Middle Ages.
• The pillars of the medieval world– religious
devotion and chivalry– crumbled.
End of the Middle Ages
• Following the Middle Ages, Europeans
would suddenly become exposed to the
world of knowledge lost to them following
the fall of Rome.
• This would lead to tremendous changes in
Europe that would reverberate throughout
the world.
Closure Video
• We are going to watch a video, “The Dark
Ages… how dark were they really?” which
covers not only Europe during this time
period, but also other cultures we have
discussed such as the Muslim empires and
the Chinese Dynasties.
• Consider this question:
Why might it be wrong to consider the Middle
Ages “The Dark Ages”?
Review Objectives
• Identify events during the 1300s that changed
the attitudes towards religion in Europe
• Identify how the bubonic plague and Hundred
Years War tore Europe apart
– How did the plague affect the church?
• Explain how the Church began to lose power in
Europe and how this led into the Great Schism
• When did the Middle Ages end?
Questions?
• If you have any questions, please ask now.
Next lesson
• In the next lesson, we are going to move
away from Europe for a while and discuss
the peoples of the Americas.
Project
• We are going to do a “Black Death Project.”
• Follow the guidelines on the paper as you
are instructed.