Download buddhism a threarapy for the living from one who “woke up”

BUDDHISM FOUNDER & ORIGINS
FOUNDER & ORIGINS
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AROSE IN ANCIENT INDIA
GUATAMA: MERELY A MAN; NOT A GOD
BUDDHA = BUDH MEANS “TO AWAKEN”
AWARENESS ON THE NATURE OF THE HUMAN
CONDITION AND THE MEANS TO TRANSCEND
IT
FOUNDER & ORIGINS
• STORY MOSTLY KNOWN THROUGH LEGEND
• BORN ABOUT 563 BC
• GIVEN NAME SIDDHARTHA; FAMILY NAME
GUATAMA
• KSHATRIYA CASTE
• FATHER WAS RULER OF SMALL REGION IN
NORTHERN INDIA
FOUNDER & ORIGINS
• BORN INTO A POSITION OF WORLDLY POWER
• TRADITION
– UNIVERSAL KING
– OFFER WORLD SALVATION
FOUNDER & ORIGINS
• BIRTH
– MOTHER WAS TOUCED BY THE TRUNK OF A
WHITE ELEPHANT AND SIDDHARTHA WAS
CONCEIVED
– CAME OUT OF HIS MOTHER’S SIDE
– STRODE SEVEN STEPS AND DECLARED HE WOULD
GAIN ENLIGHTENMENT IN HIS LIFETIME
– SAGE: SAW HIS “PERFECT FORM” AND SAID HE
WOULD GAIN ENLIGHTENMENT AND BECOME A
SAVIOR
FOUNDER & ORIGINS
• FATHER WANTED HIM TO BECOME EARTHLY
KING
– PAMPERED HIM
– SHIELDED FROM WORLD
– THOUSANDS OF SEVANTS AND DANCING GIRLS
– MARRIED THE FINEST MAIDEN AND HAD A SON
FOUNDER & ORIGINS
• FOUR PASSING SIGHTS
– DECREPIT OLD MAN
– DISEASED MAN
– A CORPSE
• WENT FOR A HORSE RIDE…TOIL OF PEASANTS
…UPROOTING LIVING THINGS WITH A PLOW
– AN ASCETIC
• IN SEARCH OF SALVATION FROM THIS WORLD OF
SUFFERING
FOUNDER & ORIGINS
• GUATAMA AS FILLED WITH HOPE AND
ELATION
• MEAN OF OVERCOMING DISPAIR
• THE GREAT GOING FORTH
– AGE OF 29, GAVE UP LIFE AS APRINCE
– SECRETLY LEFT FAMILY
– PURPOSE WAS TO PUT AN END TO OLD AGE AND
DEATH
– MENDECANT – OWNED NOTHING & BEGGED
FOUNDER & ORIGINS
• JOINED FIVE MENDACANTS – TAUGHT HIM
HOW TO BE A MENDACANT
• NOT SATISFIED WITH RESULTS
• EXCELLED IN FASTING – TO POINT OF
STARVATION
• BUDDHIST TRADITION FOR MEALS: ONE PIECE
OF FRUIT; ONE GRAIN OF RICE; & ONE
SESAME SEED
• BECAME “SKIN & BONES”
FOUNDER & ORIGINS
• THE MIDDLE WAY
– WANDERED FOR SIX YEARS
– REALIZED HE WAS NOT MAKING SPIRITUAL
PROCESS
– ATE RICE AND MILK
– FIVE FRIENDS DESERTED HIM
– HEALTHY SPIRITUAL LIFE DEPENDS ON A HEALTHY
PHYSICAL LIFE
FOUNDER & ORIGINS
FOUNDER & ORIGINS
• SITTING IN A LOTUS POSITION BENEATH A FIG
TREE, VOWED NOT TO LEAVE UNTIL HE
FOUND COMPLETE AND PERFECT
FULFILLMENT
• MARA: GOD OF DEATH-WOULD GUATAMA
SUCCEED? SENT THREE DAUGHTERS
– DISCONTENT; DELIGHT; & DESIRE
FOUNDER & ORIGINS
• ENLIGHTENMENT
– FIRST WATCH (EVENING)
• PRECEIVED OWN PREVIOUS LIFETIMES
– SECOND WATCH (MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT)
• “DIVINE EYE” – DEATHS AND BIRTHS OF ALL LIVING THINGS)
– THIRD WATCH (LATE NIGHT)
• DISCOVERED THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS – SUMMATION OF
HUMAN CONDITION AND MEANS OF TRANSCENDING IT
– NOW BECAME THE “AWAKENED ONE”=BUDDHA
FOUNDER & ORIGINS
• DEER PARK SERMON
– FIRST SERMON TO THE FIVE ASCETICS WHO
ABANDONED THEM
– INDULGENCE OR ASCETICISM WILL NOT RELEASE
THEM FROM SAMSARA
– MIDDLE WAY LEADS TO MOKSHA
• FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
– FOURTH ONE IS THE NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH
FOUNDER & ORIGINS
• FIVE DISCIPLES FORMED A COMMUNITY
• CALLED A SANGHA
• GUATAMA PREACHED & TRAVELLED
• AT AGE 80, 483 BC, DIED OF FOOD POISONING
– NOTHING IS PERMANENT; WORK OUT OWN
SALVATION
– RELICS = STUPAS/MOUNDS
FOUNDER & ORIGINS
• THE FIVE MENDCANTS FORMED THE BASIS OF
THE BUDDHIST COMMUNITY; THE SANGA
• THEY BECAME ENLIGHTENED; WERE CALLED
– ARHATS OR SAINTS
– SPECIFIC ROLES FOR MONKS AND NUNS AND A
DEFINED RELATIONSHIP WITH LAYPEOPLE
– MONSOON – RETREAT – 3 MONTHS
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
• THE THREE JEWELS
– BUDDHA
– THE DHARMA (BUDDHA’S TEACHINGS)
– THE SANGHA
COMMITMENT TO BEING A BUDDHIST – REPEATING
RITUAL FORMULA THREE TIMES
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
• DHARMA
– NOT THE SAME AS THE HINDU TERM
– GAINED THRU PROFOUND MEDITATIVE EXPERIENCES
– GUATAMA RECOMMENDED FOR ONLY THOSE “FIT
FOR THE TASK”
– INSIGHTS OF HUMAN BEINGS – DOES NOT DEPEND
ON DIVINE REVELATION
– INWARD REFLECTIONS/ANYONE
– MOST PSYCHOLOGICALLY ORIENTED OF ALL
RELIGIONS
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
• HINDUISM & BUDDHISM
– TIME IS CYCLICAL
– BUDDHISTS BELIEVE GUATAMA WAS NOT THE
FIRST OR THE LAST BUDDHA
– SOME HINDUS THINK GUATAMA WAS AN AVATAR
– SAMSARA THE SAME
– MOKSHA = NIRVANA
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
• BUDDHA’S RECTION AGAINST EARLY HINDUISM
– NO SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY AND SACRIFICIAL
RITUALS OF THE BRAHMINS
– DEVOTION TO GODS USELESS
– ACCEPTS CERTAIN GODS BUT HOLDS ONLY HUMAN
MIND CAN WIN SALVATION
– REJECTED THE CASTE SYSTEM
– EARLIEST TEXTS USED PALI – LANGUAGE OF THE
PEOPLE
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
• THE INDIVIDUAL IS THE CENTER OF ALL THE
INNER UNDERSTANDING
• EVERYTHING THE BUDDHA DISCOVERED IS
DISCOVERABLE IN ONESELF
• THE PARADOX:
– TO EXAMINE COMPLETELY THE REALM OF SELF
LEADS TO THE DISCOVERY THAT THE SELF DOES
NOT EXIST.
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
• GUATAMA DISCOVERED CHANGE – ALL IS IN A
STATE OF FLUX…SUMMARIZED AS THE
THREE MARKS OF EXISTANCE
ANATTA
ANICCA
DUKKHA
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
• ANATTA
– “NO SELF”
– THERE IS NO ULTIMATE REALITY WITHIN
– NO ESSENCE UNDERLYING EXISTENCE
– “THE ESSENCE OF BUDDHISM IS, THERE IS NO
ESSENCE”
– WHERE WERE YOU TEN YEARS AGO?...THE YOU
THAT EXISTS NOW DID NOT EXIST TEN YEARS AGO
– BEFORE AND AFTER LUNCH
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
• ANICCA
– IMPERMANENCE
– SIMILAR TO ANATTA; FOCUSES ON THE IDEA THAT
EXISTENCE IS CONSTANTLY CHANGING
– RIVER FLOWING…OR …FLOWING IS THE RIVER
– ALL THAT APPEARS TO BE REAL AND
UNCHANGING IS INFACT AN ONGOING FLOW OF
THOUGHTS , PERCEPTIONS, FEARS, HOPES, ETC.
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
• DUKKHA
– SUFFERING
– NATURAL RESULT OF ANICCA & ANATTA
– ONE OF THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
• SAMSARA
– IF THERE IS NO SELF, WHAT IS REBORN?
– TRANSFER OF ENERGY…FLAME OF CANDLE
– PATTERNED ACORDING TO ONE’S KARMA
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
• KARMA
– GENERALLY THE SAME AS THE HINDU BELIEF
– KARMA CONSTANTLY AFFECTED BY THE MORAL
ADEQUACY OF ONE’S ACTIONS
– CONCERN FOR BUDDHISM
– EMPHASIZE THE ETHICAL DIMENSION
THE FIVE PRECEPTS
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
• FIVE PRECEPTS – APPLIES TO ALL
BUDDHISTS
– 1. DO NOT TAKE LIFE
– 2. DO NOT TAKE WHAT IS NOT GIVEN
– 3.DO NOT ENGAGE IN SENSUOUS MISCONDUCT
– 4. DO NOT USE FALSE SPEECH
– 5. DO NOT DRINK INTOXICANTS
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
• PRECEPTS ADDED FOR MONKS AND NUNS
– 1. DO NOT EAT AFTER NOON
– 2. DO NOT WATCH DANCING OR SHOWS
– 3. DO NOT USE GARLANDS, PERFUMES, OR
ORNAMENTS
– 4. DO NOT USE A HIGH OR SOFT BED
– 5. DO NOT ACCEPT GOLD OR SILVER
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
• BUDDHIST MORALITY EMPHASIZES
INTENTIONS
– DEGREE THAT AN ACT IS IMMORAL DEPENDS ON
THE INDIVIDUAL’S INTENTION TO COMMIT IT
• SHOOTING DEER & MISSING=IMMORAL
• KILLING DEER WITH CAR=OK
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
• THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
1.
2.
3.
4.
TO LIVE IS TO SUFFER (DUKKHA)
SUFFERING IS CAUSED BY DESIRE (TANHA)
SUFFERING CAN BE BROUGHT TO CESSATION
THE SOLUTION TO SUFFERING IS THE NOBLE
EIGHTFOLD PATH
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
• DUKKHA - UNAVOIDABLE
– SUFFERING; DISLOCATION; FRUSTRATION;
DISCOMFORT; ETC
– DISJOINTED…OFF CENTERED WHEEL
– HAPPINESS DOES NOT CONTINUE
– FIRST SERMON
• CITES FOUR PASSING SIGHTS
• ATTACHMENT TO PLEASANT THINGS SETS US UP TO
SUFFER
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
• TANHA (CAUSE OF SUFFERING
– DESIRE; THIRST; OR CRAVING
– SELFISH DESIRE/ORIENTATION
– ALSO UNAVOIDEABLE
– VICIOUS CIRCLE – FICTICIOUS SELF THAT GOES ON
THINKING OF ITSELF AS REAL
– BE AWARE OF THE DISEASE AND ITS CAUSE
BEFORE PROCEEDING
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH
1.
2.
RIGHT VIEWS – LEARN CONTENT OF
BUDDHA’S TEACHINGS/FOUR NOBLE
TRUTHS
RIGHT INTENTION – ABANDON GREED,
HATE, & DELUSION. NURTURE GENEROSITY,
FRIENDSHIP, & INSIGHT
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH
3. RIGHT SPEECH – AVOID GOSSIP, LYING,
ABUSIVE TALK, AND IDLE TALK
4. RIGHT CONDUCT – LIVE MORALLY: FIVE/TEN
PRECEPTS
5. RIGHT LIVELIHOOD- ABSTAIN FROM
OCCUPATIONS THAT HARM LIVING THINGS:
SELLING WEAPONS; BUTCHERING; SELLING
LIQUOR; BEING A SOLDIER
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH
6. RIGHT EFFORT – MENTAL ALERTNESS TO
CONTROL THE EFFECT OF THE
SENSES…DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN WISE AND
UNWISE MENTAL ACTIVITY
7. RIGHT MINDFULNESS – ATTENTION TO
HELPFUL TOPICS; DEVELOP MENTAL FOCUS
NEEDED FOR MEDITATION
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH
8. RIGHT MEDITATION – FOUR LEVELS OF
TRANCE…REACHING PERFECT TRANQUILLITY;
SENSE OF INDIVIDUAL EXISTANCE
PASSES=NIRVANA
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH
• BUDDHIST TRAINING
• WISDOM
– 1. RIGHT VIEW
– 2. RIGHT INTENTION
• MORALITY
– 3. RIGHT SPEECH
– 4. RIGHT CONDUCT
– 5. RIGHT LIVELIHOOD
• CONCENTRATION
– 6. RIGHT EFFORT
– 7. RIGHT MINDFULNESS
– 8. RIGHT CONCENTRATION
BUDDHIST BELIEFS
NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH
• ENLIGHTENMENT AND NIRVANA
– “BLOWING OUT”
– FINAL NIRVANA AWAITS THE DEATH OF THE BODY
– ARHAT – FORTASTE OF NIRVANA
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FULLY AWARE OF TRUTH OF BUDDHA’S WISDOM
FREE FROM DUKKHA & TANHA
ENGAGED IN WORLD BUT NO LONGER ATTACHED
PERFECTLY COMPASSIONATE TOWARD ALL LIVING
THINGS
BUDDHIST PRACTICES
• THREE RAFTS FOR CROSSING THE RIVER:
DIVISIONS OF BUDDHISM
– ONE SIDE OF THE RIVER…REALM OF SAMSARA
– THE OTHER SIDE OF THE RIVER…NIRVANA;
IMPOSSIBLE TO KNOW UNTIL EXPERIENCED
– PROCESS OF CROSSING THE RIVER THE TASK OF
RELIGION
– RAFT…MEANS OF CROSSING
BUDDHIST PRACTICES
– THERAVEDA
• THE LESSER VEHICLE (HINAYANA)
– MAHAYANA
• THE GREAT VEHICLE
– VAJRAYANA
• THE VEHICLE OF THE DIAMOND
BUDDHIST PRACTICES
• THERAVEDA – “THE WAY OF THE ELDERS”
– MOST PREVALENT IN CAMBODIA, MYANMAR, SRI
LANKA, & THAILAND
– FOLLWS EARLIEST TEXTS AND AGREES WITH
ORIGINAL TEACHINGS OF BUDDHA
– TEACHINGS OF BUDDHA, NOT THE FIGURE OF
BUDDHA, MOST IMPORTANT
– CULTIVATES WISDOM …FOUR NOBLE
TRUTHS/NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH…ESPECIALLY
MEDITATION
BUDDHIST PRACTICES
• THERAVEDA – “THE WAY OF THE ELDERS”
– FOCUS ON MEDITATION LED TO EMPHASIS ON
MONASTIC LIFE
– MONKS/NUNS HAVE MORE TIME TO MEDITATE
– RELIGIOUS HIERARCHY…EVEN AMONG
ORDAINED, ROLES
– MONKS OUTNUMBERS NUNS 10:1
– SERVING AS MONK FOR 3 MONTHS…REQUIRED
STEP TO BECOMING ADULT
BUDDHIST PRACTICES
• MAYAYANA: THE GREAT VEHICLE
– LARGEST DIVISION…ASSERTS SUPERIORITY OVER THE
THERAVEDA
– OVER ½ OF ALL BUDDHISTS
– DOMINANT FORM IN CHINA, JAPAN, & KOREA
– BUDDHISM FOR MASSES
• THERAVADA – INDIVIDUAL PATH OF MEDITATION
– FOCUSES ON BUDDHA HIMSELF…AS A DIVINE SAVIOR
– OPENS DOOR TO RELIGIOUS DEVOTION AND PRAYER
BUDDHIST PRACTICES
• MAYAYANA: THE GREAT VEHICLE
– OFFERS SALVATION THROUGH INFINITE GRACE OF
THE COMPASSIONATE BUDDHA
– RECOGNIZES SALVIFIC GRACE OF PAST BUDDHAS
– BODHISATTVAS: BUDDAS IN THE MAKING
• CAPABLE OF ENTERING NIRVANA, BUT, MOTIATED BY
COMPASSION, STOP SHORT TO HELP OTHERS
• TRANSMIT MERIT OF THEIR KARMA TO DEVOTEES
• ON OCCASION APPEAR IN WORLD AS HUMAN BEINGS
BUDDHIST PRACTICES
• MAYAYANA: THE GREAT VEHICLE
– MAITREYA: BUDDHIST EXPECT HIM TO BE REBORN
INTO WORLD
– STORIES OF BUDDHA/BODHISATTAVAS MAKE UP
LARGE PORTIONS OF MYTHS
– BODHISATTAVA NOT AN ARHAT IS THE IDEAL TYPE
– THAT BUDDHA TAUGHT IS SIGN OF COMPASSION
– “LAST BLADE OF GRASS”
BUDDHIST PRACTICES
• VAJRAYANA: TIBETAN BUDDHISM
– BUDDHA HOLDING THE VAJRA, A DIAMOND
SEPTER
– STRENGTH AND CLARITY OF THE DIAMOND
– INTENSITY…ADHERENTS CAN ATTAIN NIRVANA IN
THIS LIFETIME, HERE AND NOW
– SMALL MINORITY
– SPECIAL INTEREST BECAUSE OF TIBET
• PERSECUTION BY CHINESE COMMUNISTS
• MANY KILLED/IN EXILE IN INDIA AND ELSEWHERE
BUDDHIST PRACTICES
• VAJRAYANA: TIBETAN BUDDHISM
– FOR CENTURIES, MOUNTAINS SHIELDED FROM
REST OF WORLD
– 1/6 MONKS…BUDDHISM PREVAILED
– SHUT OFF ENERGY OF DESIRE TO STOP SUFFERING
– HARNESS ENERGY AND TURN INWARD
– SENSUAL ENERGIES OF LIFE
• MANDALAS – PATTERN ICONS THAT VISUALLY EXCITE
• MUDRAS – CHOREOGRAPHED HAND MOVEMENTS
• MANTRAS – RESONATIONG CHANTS
MANDALAS
MANDALAS
BUDDHIST PRACTICES
• VAJRAYANA: TIBETAN BUDDHISM
– SHARED PRACTICES WITH WESTMANDALAS/MANTRAS
– TANTRISM – RITUALIZED SEX
• ENERGY FOR FURTHERING SPIRITUAL PROGRESS
• REGULATED BY MASTERS
BUDDHIST PRACTICES
• DALAI LAMA
– LAMAS – HIERARCHY OF CLERGY
– DALAI LAMA – 14TH IN LINE OF SUCCESSION
– ORIGINATED WITH AVALOKITESHVARA
– ONE REINCARNATED TO THE NEXT
– 1989 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE – EFFORTS TO REGAIN
TIBETAN FREEDOM
BUDDHIST SCRIPTURES
• TIPITAKA
– ORIGINALLY PASSED ON ORALLY
– WRITTEN IN SANSKRIT IN 100BC
– COMPLETE DOCUMENT OF THERAVEDANS IN PALI
– PALI CANONS
– “THREE BASKETS”
• VINAYA PITAKA
• SUTRA PITAKA
• ABIDHARMA PITAKA
BUDDHIST SCRIPTURES
• VINAYA PIKATA
– CODE OF DISCIPLINE FOR MONKS AND NUNS
– 227 RULES FOR MONKS; 311 FOR NUNS
– HIGHLIGHT OFFENCES IN DESCENDING ORDER OF
SERIOUSNESS
– EACH RULE HAS STORY ACCOMPANING RULE
– RECORDS LIFE AND MYSTERY OF BUDDHA
BUDDHIST SCRIPTURES
• SUTRA PITAKA
– DISCOURSES OF SIDDHARTHA GUATAMA
– PARTS DEALING WITH MORALITY BECAME
BUDDHIST DOCTRINE
– STORY OF BUDDHA’S BIRTH & ENLIGHTENMENT
BUDDHIST SCRIPTURES
• ABIDHARMA PITAKA
– EXAMINES BUDDA’S PSYCHOLOGICAL TEACHINGS
– MORE INTEREST FOR MONKS AND SERIOUS
STUDENTS
BUDDHIST SCRIPTURES
• LOTUS SUTRA (SADDHARMAPUNDARIKA)
– POPULAR WITH MAHAYANA BUDDHISTS
– FINAL TEACHINGS OF BUDDHA
PRAJNAPARAMITA SUTRA
- TREATISE ON ACHIEVING THE PERFECTION OF
WISDOM OF A BODHISTTAVA
BUDDHIST SCRIPTURES
• VAJRAYANAS USE MAHAYANA SCRIPTURES
– TANTRIC TEXTS ADDED FROM INDIA & CHINA –
UNDERSTOOD BY A VERY FEW
– TIBETAN BOOK OF THE DEAD – WRITINGS ON
DEATH, DYING, AND REBIRTH
BUDDHIST TEMPLES (CAITYA)
MAE HON SONG
BUDDHIST TEMPLE
THEAN HOU - MALASIA
BUDDHIST TEMPLES
BAZAR STUPA
PLACES OF PIGRIMAGE
BIRTHPLACE OF BUDDHA
BUDDHIST MONESTARY (VIHARA)
PLACES OF PIGRIMAGE
BODH GAYA – PLACE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
PLACES OF PIGRIMAGE
SARNARTH – DEER PARK
PLACES OF PIGRIMAGE
DEATH PLACE OF BUDDHA - KUSHINARA
BUDDHIST FESTIVALS
• VISAKHA – BUDDHA DAY
– MOST HOLY DAY OF YEAR FOR THERAVEDA
BUDDHISTS
– ENLIGHTENMENT – COLORFUL LANTERNS
– IMAGE OF BUDDHA DECORATED
– FOR MAHAYANA BUDDHISTS – BATHE BUDDHA TO
REMIND THAT ALL HAVE FAULTS TO BE WASHED
AWAY
BUDDHIST FESTIVALS
• RAIN RETREAT - CELEBRATING SANGHA
– TIME OF HOLINESS
– CELEBRATE END WITH GREAT FESTIVAL
– MONKS GET NEW ROBES
BUDDHIST PRACTICES
• NO SPECIFIC BUDDHIST INITIATION
CEREMONIES FOR INFANTS
• CONNECT BIRTH WITH SAMSARA
• MARRIAGE ACCORDING WITH LOCAL
CUSTOMS – MAY BE BLESSED BY MONK FROM
SANGHA
• DEATH – BOOK OF THE DEAD: DYING A
SACRED ACT – MOVE PERSON FROM
SAMSARA TO NIRVANA