Download Carbon Compounds

Carbon
• Over 90% of the compounds in nature are
based on carbon.
• Different pure forms are found in nature.
– Diamond
– Graphite
– Buckminsterfullerene
– Amorphous
Diamond
• Network solid
– All atoms have 4 covalent bonds
• Hardest substance known
• Conducts heat but not electricity
Graphite
• Soft
– Strong bonds only in 2d (carbon fiber materials)
Slippery
– Layers glide over one another easily
– Semimetal conducts electricity
– Used in batteries, steel making, brake linings
lubricant, pencil, electric motors
Buckminsterfullerene
• C60
– Medical research
• Carbon Nanotubes
– Strong
– Electronics
Amorphous
• No crystalline shape
– Coal: carbon and other compounds
• Peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite
– Charcoal
– Activated carbon
Carbon Compounds
Organic
• Do not dissolve in water
• Decompose easily with heat
• Chemical reactions slow
• Reactions rate affected by
environment conditions
• Covalent bonding
• Isomers
Inorganic
• Dissolve in water
• Difficult to decompose
• Reactions very quick
• Reaction rate not affected
by conditions
• Many have ionic bonds
• No isomers
Hydrocarbons
• Composed of carbon and hydrogen only
Alkanes
• All single bonds between the carbons
– Saturated
– Low chemical reactivity
– The general formula is CnH2n+2
– Names end with “ane”
– Natural gas (mostly methane)
# of
Name of Carbon Chemical
Alkane atoms Formula
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
1
2
3
4
5
Simple Structure
(Molecular
Diagram)
Also known as
(other names) :
C H4
natural gas
marsh gas
methyl hydride
C2H6
dimethyl
methyl methane
ethyl hydride
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
dimethyl methane
propyl hydride
methylethyl methane
butyl hydride
amyl hydride
Skellysolve A
# of
Carbon
atoms
Chemical
Formula
Hexane
6
C6H14
Heptane
7
C7H16
Octane
8
C8H18
Nonane
9
C9H20
Decane
10
C10H22
Name of Alkane
Simple Structure
(Molecular Diagram)
Isomers
• Same chemical formula but different
structural formula
Isomers
Pentane
n-Pentane
Isopentane Isopentane
2-Methylbutane
2-Dimethylpropane
Cycloalkanes
• Ring structure of single carbon bonds
• Add the prefix cyclo to the alkane name
• Similar properties to alkanes
Cycloalkanes
cyclopropane
cyclobutane
cyclopentane
cyclohexane
Alkenes
• Hydrocarbons which have at least one double
bond between two carbons. We will always
use one double bond only.
• Unsaturated
• The naming prefixes are the same as for
alkanes with an ene ending
• The general formula is CnH2n
• Plastics ripen fruit
Alkynes
• Hydrocarbons which have at least one triple
bond between two carbons. We will always
use one triple bond only.
• Unsaturated
• The naming prefixes are the same as for
alkanes with an yne ending
• The general formula is CnH2n-2
• pharmaceuticals
ethyne
propyne
butyne
pentyne
hexyne
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• Ring structure with alternating single and
double bonds. (resonance)
• Many have pleasant aroma
• Benzene is very important because it is found
as part of many complex organic molecules
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Substituted Hydrocarbons
• One or more hydrogen or carbon atoms are
replaced by another element or group of
elements.
• The replacement atoms are called a functional
group.
• The functional group determines the new
properties of the molecule.
Halocarbons
• One or more halogen atoms are substituted
for hydrogen atoms in an alkane
• Add the halogen prefix to the alkane name
– Chloropropane
– Draw: difloromonochloropentane
Alcohol
• A hydroxyl group replaces a hydrogen
• The suffix ol is added to the name of the
molecule
• Common and official names (use official)
• Some widely used alcohols are
– Methanol: mixed with gasoline, very poisonous
– Ethanol: mixed with gasoline, Ingested
– Glycerol: cosmetics, foods
methanol (CH3OH)
ethanol (C2H5OH)
propanol (C3H7OH)
butanol (C4H9OH)
pentanol (C5H11OH)
Organic Acid
• A carboxyl group (COOH) replaces three
hydrogen atoms. The group has to stay
together.
• Common and official names
• Some common organic acid
– Acetic: good solvent of organic compounds
– Formic: used by certain plants and animals (ants)
– Oxalic: dyeing fabrics, stain removal
methanoic acid (CH2O2)
formic acid
ethanoic acid (C2H4O2)
acetic acid
ethylic acid
vinegar acid
propanoic acid (C3H6O2)
propionic acid
ethylformic acid
metacetonic acid
butanoic acid (C4H8O2)
pentanoic acid (C5H10O2)
Organic Base
• An amine group (NH2) replaces a carbon atom
– Paints, dyes, disinfectants
Dehydration Synthesis
• A process by which small molecules can be
hooked together to form large ones
• A hydroxide from one molecule reacts with a
hydroxide in another. Water is released and
the two molecules are joined by the remaining
oxygen
Esters
• A molecule made from the dehydration
synthesis of an organic acid and an alcohol
• Excellent solvents for organic compounds
• Odors and flavors of fruits and flowers
• Perfumes and artificial flavorings
methyl methanoate
ethyl methanoate
methyl ethanoate
ethyl ethanoate
methyl propanoate
ethyl propanoate
Carbohydrates
• Contain only the elements
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Monosaccharides
• All have formula (CH2O)n where n is between 3
and 7
• Glucose is the main transport sugar in animals
• Main source of energy in animals
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
• Long chains of monosaccharides
Starch
• Plant energy storage
Glycogen
• Animal energy storage
Cellulose
• Main component of cell walls.
• Sometimes referred to as fiber.
• Cannot be broken down by animals. No enzyme
– Need mutualistic bacteria
Lipids
• A type of ester. “fatty acid” + alcohol
• High energy storage molecules
– Contain more than twice as much energy per gram
as carbohydrates
• Insoluble in water
Lipids
• Wax: solid, high melting point
– Waterproof coating on leaves, feathers, hair, skin
• Fats: solid, low melting point, glycerol
– Saturated, unsaturated
• Oils: liquid, glycerol
– Saturated, unsaturated
• Triglycerides
Lipids
• Phospholipids: 1 or 2 fatty acids are replaced
by phosphate groups
– Chief lipid in Biological membranes
• Steroids: ring structures
– Cholesterol: used in cell membranes, nerves
– Some types of hormones: cortisone, estrogen,
epinephrine (adrenalin)
• Terpins
Amino Acids
• An amine (NH2) functional group and a carboxyl
(COOH) functional group are attached to a central
carbon.
• We use 21 (20 + 1)but can only manufacture 12
• Monomers used to make proteins
Protein
• Made up of amino acids that have been joined
together by a peptide bond
DNA
• Natural Polymers
Enzymes / Vitamins
• Enzymes
– Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
• Lock and key: read your bio book
• Vitamins
– Organic compounds that you need but cannot
manufacture
Photosynthesis / Respiration
• Photosynthesis
– Plants
– 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Respiration
– Plants and Animals
– C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy
Nylon
• http://prezi.com/7o64juvf5jua/copy-of-apbio-chemistry-2-macromolecules/