Download Unit 13 Study Guide

AP Psychology
Dr. J. Dishowitz
Unit 13 Study Guide
I. Learning Objectives
1. Define psychotherapy. Describe the approach of an eclectic therapist.
2. Describe the common features of treatments. Define and distinguish between a
psychiatrist and a psychologist. Describe other types of therapists.
3. Describe the history of psychoanalysis.
4. Describe the goals of a psychoanalyst.
5. Define free association, manifest and latent contents of dreams, and transference. Discuss
the ways in which these methods of psychotherapy reveal clues about unconscious mental
processes.
6. Describe the difference between Freud's original psychoanalysis and modern variations.
Describe some of the methods used in contemporary psychoanalysis. Discuss the
criticisms of psychoanalysis.
7. Describe the theoretical basis of the phenomenological approach to therapy. List the four
assumptions on which phenomenological therapists operate.
8. Describe client-centered therapy. Define and discuss the importance of unconditional
positive regard, empathy, reflection, and congruence in this therapy.
9. Define behavior therapy. Describe its basic features and the assumptions on which it is
based.
10. Explain the differences among behavior therapy, behavior modification, and cognitivebehavior therapy.
11. Define systematic desensitization, modeling, assertiveness and social skills training,
token economy, flooding, aversive conditioning, and the other behavioral methods of
therapy. Give an example of each. Specify the type of learning (classical or operant
conditioning) each method is based on.
12. Define cognitive-behavior therapy. Compare and contrast it with other behavior
therapies.
13. Define rational-emotive therapy, cognitive restructuring, stress inoculation training, and
Beck's cognitive therapy.
14. Define group, family, and couples therapy. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
each.
15. Define meta-analysis. Discuss the results of research that has attempted to evaluate
psychotherapy's effectiveness.
16. Discuss the following questions: Is there one form of psychotherapy that is best? What
should a person look for when seeking psychotherapy?
17. Discuss the cultural influences on the choice of psychotherapy, its goals, and its
expectations.
18. Describe a client's rights in a therapeutic relationship.
19. Describe the assumptions underlying biological treatments.
20. Describe the historical and present use of electro-convulsive therapy (ECT).
21. Define prefrontal lobotomy. Describe the historical and present use of psychosurgery.
22. Define neuroleptic (antipsychotic), antidepressant, lithium, and anxiolytic, and specify
which is used for what type of psychological problem. Explain the side effects of these
drugs and how each works within the nervous system. Discuss the joint use of drugs and
psychotherapy
23. Describe the ways that psychoactive drugs affect neurotransmitters. Define receptor
antagonist and reuptake.
24. Define community psychology. Describe the types of work involved in community
psychologists' attempts to treat and prevent mental illness.
II. Multiple Choice
1. A trained therapist who uses psychological techniques to assist someone to overcome
excessive anxiety would generally be best described as a
A) psychoanalyst.
B) psychotherapist.
C) psychopharmacologist.
D) psychodynamic therapist.
E) psychostructuralist.
2. As a therapist, Dr. Cioffi often uses systematic desensitization. She also considers active
listening to be an invaluable therapeutic tool, and she frequently makes use of free
association. Dr. Cioffi's therapeutic approach would best be described as
A) psychoanalytic .B) client-centered. C) behavioral. D) eclectic. E) meta-analytic.
3. Sigmund Freud introduced a form of psychotherapy known as
A) counterconditioning.
B) active listening.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) psychoanalysis.
E) psychosexual fixation.
4. Free association involves the
A) expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships.
B) therapeutic interpretation of a client's unconscious conflicts.
C) repeated association of a relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli.
D) uncensored reporting of any thoughts that come to mind.
E) replacement of a negative response to a harmless stimulus with a positive response.
5. Just as Austin began telling his therapist about a painful childhood experience, he
complained of a headache and abruptly ended the session. A psychoanalyst would most
likely suggest that Austin's behavior is an example of
A) fixation. B) resistance. C) transference. D) counterconditioning. E) tardive dyskinesia.
6. To understand his patients' repressed conflicts, Freud sought to identify the ________ of their
dreams.
A) neurogenesis
B) virtual reality
C) latent content
D) spontaneous recovery
E) systematic desensitization
7. The expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships is known as
A) transference.
B) resistance.
C) meta-analysis.
D) the therapeutic alliance.
E) fixation.
Page 2
8. A psychodynamic therapist is most likely to
A) associate patients' undesirable behaviors with unpleasant consequences.
B) help patients identify a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences.
C) suggest interpretive insights regarding patients' difficulties.
D) recommend the use of antipsychotic drugs during the process of psychotherapy.
E) encourage depressed patients to take more responsibility for their failures.
9. Freud is to ________ as Rogers is to ________.
A) psychoanalysis; counterconditioning
B) free association; active listening
C) dream analysis; systematic desensitization
D) active listening; empathy
E) unconditional positive regard; transference
10. Humanistic therapists are most likely to
A) encourage clients to carefully observe the consequences of their maladaptive
behaviors.
B) focus special attention on clients' positive and negative feelings toward their
therapists.
C) emphasize the importance of self-awareness for psychological adjustment.
D) use a wide variety of psychological theories and therapeutic methods.
E) help clients identify a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences.
11. Carl Rogers referred to a caring, nonjudgmental attitude as
A) active listening.
B) free association.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) positive reinforcement.
E) resilience.
12. Cindy suggested that her nail biting might be a symptom of unconscious resentment toward
her parents. Her therapist chuckled and said, “No, Cindy, your problem isn't unconscious
hostility; your problem is nail biting.” Cindy's therapist sounds most like a ________ therapist.
A) behavior
B) humanistic
C) cognitive
D) psychoanalytic
E) insight
13. Which of the following techniques is derived from classical conditioning principles?
A) the token economy
B) systematic desensitization
C) stress inoculation training
D) ECT
E) transference
14. A token economy is to operant conditioning as ________ is to classical conditioning.
A) systematic desensitization
B) group therapy
C) electroconvulsive therapy
D) free association
E) drug therapy
Page 3
15. Virtual reality exposure therapy is most likely to prove effective in the treatment of
A) personality disorders. B) hallucinations. C) obsessions. D) depression. E) phobias.
16. Aversive conditioning involves
A) replacing a negative response to a harmless stimulus with a positive response.
B) identifying a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences.
C) depriving a client of access to an addictive drug.
D) associating unwanted behaviors with unpleasant experiences.
E) systematically controlling the consequences of patients' maladaptive behaviors.
17. Therapists practice ________ by using positive reinforcers to reward closer and closer
approximations of a desired behavior.
A) free association
B) progressive relaxation
C) behavior modification
D) unconditional positive regard
E) insight therapy
18. The approach that has helped children with autism learn to function successfully in school
involves
A) operant conditioning.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) the double-blind procedure.
D) family therapy.
E) aversive conditioning.
19. Teaching people to stop blaming themselves for failures and negative circumstances
beyond their control is of most direct concern to ________ therapists.
A) psychoanalytic
B) cognitive
C) eclectic
D) client-centered
E) behavior
20. Which of the following is a form of cognitive therapy?
A) EMDR
B) systematic desensitization
C) stress inoculation training
D) rTMS
E) transference
21. A useful feature of group therapy is that it
A) ensures that therapists will become more emotionally involved in clients' real-life
problems.
B) eliminates the possibility that clients will experience anxiety during therapy.
C) encourages clients to improve their communication skills.
D) enables severely disturbed individuals to quickly regain normal social functioning.
E) enhances the benefits of counterconditioning.
22. The placebo effect refers to
A) relief from symptoms without psychotherapy.
B) the alleviation of depression and anxiety by means of aerobic exercise.
C) the use of drugs in the therapeutic treatment of psychological disorders.
D) the beneficial consequences of merely expecting that a treatment will be effective.
E) the use of a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic methods.
Page 4
23. Meta-analysis refers to
A) a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies.
B) the use of a variety of therapeutic techniques in the treatment of a single client.
C) counseling and treatment of troubled individuals by friends, family, and other
nonprofessionals.
D) a procedure for identifying the common factors that underlie many different
disorders.
E) the technique of simply rephrasing much of what a client says during the course of
therapy.
24. Because Gretchen is afraid of contracting infectious diseases, she compulsively avoids
shaking people's hands or touching doorknobs. Research suggests that an especially effective
treatment for her difficulty would involve
A) client-centered therapy.
B) psychodynamic therapy.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) behavior therapy.
E) psychoanalysis.
25. Rapidly moving one's eyes while recalling traumatic experiences is most descriptive of
A) free association.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) TMS.
D) virtual reality exposure therapy.
E) EMDR.
26. Psychologists with expertise in research, the assessment of psychological disorders, and the
practice of psychotherapy are typically
A) psychopharmacologists.
B) clinical psychologists.
C) psychoanalysts.
D) psychiatrists.
E) psychometricians.
27. Although Albert Ellis and Allen Bergin disagree about the value of self-sacrifice and
marital fidelity, as professional therapists they both agree that
A) psychotherapists should not reveal their personal values to clients.
B) personal values do not affect professional assessments of therapeutic outcomes.
C) psychological research should not be used to inform therapists' values.
D) psychotherapists' personal values influence their practice of therapy.
E) psychotherapists should combine cognitive and biomedical therapies.
28. Psychopharmacology involves the study of how:
A) diseases influence psychological well-being.
B) exercise alleviates depression.
C) drugs affect mind and behavior.
D) physical relaxation reduces anxiety.
E) psychosurgery and ECT influence emotions.
Page 5
29. The double-blind procedure involves
A) the avoidance of eye contact between patient and therapist during free association.
B) a procedure in which neither patients nor health care staff know whether a given
patient is receiving a drug or a placebo.
C) blocking anxiety-arousing material from consciousness during therapy.
D) the simultaneous use of two or more therapeutic treatments in the hope that at least
one will be effective.
E) replacing a positive response to a harmful stimulus with a negative response.
30.
Chlorpromazine is an antipsychotic drug that reduces paranoia and hallucinations by
A) reducing involuntary muscle movements.
B) dampening responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli.
C) decreasing the availability of norepinephrine.
D) elevating arousal and mood.
E) restoring the balance of serotonin.
31.
Xanax and Ativan are ________ drugs.
A) antidepressant B) antipsychotic C) mood-stabilizing D) antianxiety E) psychodynamic
32.
Some antidepressants block the reuptake or breakdown of both serotonin and another
neurotransmitter, norepinephrine. These antidepressants are called
A) antipsychotic drugs.
B) mood-stabilizing drugs.
C) dual-action drugs.
D) ECTs.
E) rTMSs.
33.
Mr. McCardle's excessive feelings of helplessness and despondency are periodically
interrupted by episodes in which he experiences extreme feelings of personal power and a
grandiose optimism about his future. Which drug would most likely be prescribed to alleviate
his symptoms?
A) Valium
B) Thorazine
C) Xanax
D) lithium
E) Paxil
34.
Surgically cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling
centers of the inner brain is called
A) psychopharmacology.
B) neurogenesis.
C) rTMS.
D) a lobotomy.
E) ECT.
35.
Bolstering parents' and teachers' skills at nurturing children's achievement and resulting
self-esteem best illustrates
A) virtual reality exposure therapy.
B) meta-analysis.
C) counterconditioning.
D) preventive mental health.
E) insight therapy.
Page 6