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APUSH PERIOD 1
Gilder lehrman
Period 1
Chapter 1
American Pageant Ch 1 and 2
Review
**Chapter 1 and 2 Video Guide
Worksheet
Adam Norris
The Earliest Americans
• Mexico/South American Native Civilizations
• Agricultural (Corn) accounted for the size and sophistication of
the civilizations
• Developed corn around 5,000 B.C.E
• They are a centralized people (NOT NOMADIC)
• Inca = Peru
• Mayan = Central America
• Aztec = Mexico
The Earliest Americans
• North American Tribes
• Corn did not reach region until 1000 C.E = no
large centralized groups.
• Three-sisters farming: (beans, squash, corn)
beans used corn as trellis while squash covered
mounds to retain moisture = higher populations
due to sustenance.
The Earliest Americans
• North American Tribes
• Iroquois- (Northeast woodlands, NE area)
• Iroquois Confederacy- Chief Hiawatha brought six tribes together to
form closest North American approximation to the great empires of
Mexico/Peru
• Created a robust military alliance which protected people from unwelcome
neighbors (Natives/Europeans)
The Earliest Americans
• North American Tribes
• Plains Indians (Midwest)
• Nomadic buffalo hunters
• Became good on horseback after Spanish brought horses from
Europe.
• They evolved which allowed them to survive longer than most tribes
The Earliest Americans
• North American Tribes
• Pueblo Indians
•
•
•
•
Lived on the side of cliffs
Pueblo = village
Very intricate irrigation system allowed them to farm
Contact with Spanish in 16th century
Indirect Discovery of New
World
1.
Norse explorers from Scandinavia (Vikings)
Landed in Newfoundland about 1000 CE
2.
Crusades
•
•
Purpose: take back the Holy Land from Muslim rule
Cultivated a taste for fine goods (Crusaders)
•
•
3.
Brought back desire for wealth to Europe
B/C of expense it led to search for less expensive route to Asia or
another source for goods.
Marco Polo
• 20yr voyage to China (Prob never got there)
• His book intensified European desire for cheaper route
Indirect Discovery of New
World (Cont’d)
4.
Technology
•
New ship design (Caravel). Allowed ships to sail more directly into
wind.
Mariners compass was invented
Also found new current in 1450 which allowed sailors to return to
Europe by sailing Northwesterly from Africa. New doors for
exploration.
•
•
5.
Portuguese
•
Prince Henry the Navigator- created school for explorers =
encouraged by the government
Set up trading posts in Africa (coast) for gold and slaves
Bartholomeu Dias
•
•
•
•
1488 rounded the southern tip of Africa = New way to Asia
Vasco da Gama
•
•
1498 reached India by sailing south around Africa
Fueled desires by returning with small cargo of jewels
Indirect Discovery of New
World (Cont’d)
6.
Spain
•
Spain is unified under Ferdinand and Isabella and the expulsion of
Muslim Moors out of Spain after centuries of warfare
Spain are rivals with Portuguese = competitive spirit
•
•
B/C Portugal already controls the African Coast Spain must look for
another route to Asia
Christopher Columbus
• Sailed for Spain in 1492
• Many were scared to sail west into the unknown
• At this time the world was believed to be flat but
that idea is fading.
• Sailed on the Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria
• Landed in Bahamas on October 12, 1492 (six
weeks at sea)
• Almost had to turn around due to mutiny by the
crew
• Columbus is one of the most successful
failures in History!
Driving Forces of Exploration
1. European desire for more/cheaper goods from
Mediterranean and beyond
2. Africa is source for cheap slave labor for agriculture
(Portuguese)
3. Portuguese proved long-range ocean navigation possible
4. Spain was now a modern nation-state with unity, wealth and
power to handle discovery, conquest and colonization.
5. The dawn of the Renaissance nurtured an ambitious spirit
of optimism and adventure.
6. The Printing Press (1450) facilitated the spread of scientific
knowledge
7. The Mariners compass was invented which made navigation
easier. New Technology
Direct Causes =
3 G’s
Become a world power through
gaining wealth and land. (GLORY)
Economic: Search for new trade routes with
direct access to Asian/African luxury goods
would enrich individuals and their nations
(GOLD)
Religious: spread Christianity and weaken
Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD)
• Political:
•
•
The 3 motives reinforce each
other
The Black legend,
conquistadors….John Green
Crash Course US History #1
When Two Worlds Collide
• What Happens When You Take Two Different Things (People,
Places, Customs, ETC) And Mix Them?
• Columbian Exchange- The exchange of two ecosystems both
good and bad between the New World and Old World.
• What can you tell me? What is good and bad about the
sharing of ideas/ways of life from Old World to New World?
When Two Worlds Collide
New World
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tobacco
Corn
Beans
Tomatoes
Potatoes
Syphilis
Perhaps 3/5 of crops
cultivated around world
today originated in the
Americas.
Old World
• Horses
• Livestock
• Disease (yellow fever,
malaria, etc)
• Caused as much as 90% of
Native peoples to die
within centuries of
Columbus’ landfall.
• Sugar cane
• Led to Sugar Revolution =
more slaves.
When Two World Collide
• The Columbian Exchange creates a new interdependent
global economic system
• Europe provides…
• Markets (consumers)
• Technology
• Finances
• New World provides…
• Raw materials
• Europe saw New World as a source of goods not as
something that could survive on its own.
The Spanish Conquistadores
• Europeans were thirsty for the prizes of the American
continents.
• Gold/Silver of advanced Indian civilizations (Mexico/Peru)
• Agricultural Products
• Land
• Treaty of Tordesilias (1494)- Treaty between Spain and
Portugal dividing the “heathen lands” of the New World.
• Spain got the majority of the land (they went west)
• Portugal got lands of Africa, Asia and Brazil
• WHO GOT THE BETTER DEAL? Why?
• We begin to see a shift in power from Portugal to Spain in
exploration.
The Spanish Conquistadores
• Conquistadores- Explorers for Gold, God and Country
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Vasco Nunez Balboa- Discovered the Pacific Ocean (1513)
Ferdinand Magellan- 1519-1522 completed the first
circumnavigation of the world.
Juan Ponce de Leon- 1513-1521 landed in Florida in search of
gold (not Fountain of Youth). Killed by Indians
Francisco Coronado- Found the Pueblo Indians. Found Grand
Canyon and Colorado River. Went as far as Kansas
Hernano de Soto- 1539-1542 Took 600 man military force
through Florida and marched west in search of gold. Discovered
the Mississippi River. Very cruel to Indians.
The Spanish Conquistadores
6. Fransisco Pizarro- 1532 He conquered the Incan empire in Peru adding
a huge amount of silver to the Spanish treasury.
•
•
•
By 1600 Spain had so much New World wealth it caused enormous inflation
(500%). May have fed the growth of capitalism
Spain set up its own testing grounds for invading on the islands of the
Caribbean due to increased desire for gold.
Encomienda- This allowed the Spanish government to give Indians to
colonists in return for a promise to Christianize them. Slavery in all but
name.
7. Hernan Cortes- Conquered the Aztec empire in Mexico for Spain.
•
•
•
•
His attacks along with disease killed the Mexican Population (20million to 2
million in less then a century)
Attacked Capital (Tenochtitlan)
Aztec’s thought he was a god (rode on a horse from west)
Cortez did intermarry (mestizes- people of mixed Indian/European heritage)
8. Don juan de Onate- 1598 Abused Pueblo people along Rio Grande
•
We see the growing harsh treatment of natives by the Spanish (Trend)
Conquistador music video
(rage against the machine)
• Black Legend
• Conquerors merely tortured and butchered the Indians, stole
their gold, infected them with smallpox and left little but misery
behind.
• The misdeeds of the Spanish in the New World obscured their
substantial achievements.
Spread of the Spanish Empire
• Other European nations began to covet the wealth gained by
Spain (English and French) = COMPETITION
• English:
• Sent Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)- 1497 and 1498 he explored the
Northeastern coast of North America
• French:
• Sent many explorers to North America in search of wealth
• The Spanish began to build forts to protect against what they
saw as growing threats.
Chapter 2
Jocz chapter 2 video
England’s Imperial Stirrings
• England has stayed out of Spain’s way up to
this point (1600)
• Allies
• Protestant Reformation (1530’s) ends this
when Queen Elizabeth I takes the throne.
(Unity)
• Now they are Religious Rivals
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html
Queen Elizabeth I Energizes
England
http://www.reformation.org/sir-francis-drake.html
 Encourages Sir Francis Drake to loot Spanish ships = profit for
England.
 Knights him on the deck of looted Spanish vessel under protest.
 Wants to bring religious unity=Protestantism
Queen Elizabeth I Energizes
England
 Spanish Armada- 1588 Phillip II of
Spain used imperial gains from
New World to build “Invincible
Armada” of ships for invasion of
England.
 Destroyed by smaller/faster
English vessels
 New World politics shift: England
Spain
 England now has the
characteristics to succeed in the
New World
1.
2.
3.
Unified nation-state under
popular monarch
Measure of religious unity
Sense of nationalism
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/128163/Drawing-or-engraving-showingthe-Spanish-Armada-July-1588
England on Eve of Empire
 Why was England ready to become a New World Empire?
1.
Population Boom

2.
4 million in 1600 = workers
Crop lands enclosed for sheep grazing = less work for small farmers =
motivation
Economic Depression in wool trade (late 1500’s) = workers/motives
Laws of primogeniture
3.
4.

5.
6.
3 million people in 1550
Only oldest sons allowed to inherit land estates
Peace with Spain after Spanish Armada = opportunity
Joint stock companies form =financial means
Bett’s Jamestown colony
English Settlements of the New
World
 Two Early Failures = Roanoke and Newfoundland
 Jamestown- founded by the Virginia Company of London
(1607)
 Used Virginia Model = profit model
 140 Settlers
 Not Organized due to mindset
 Only 38 survived first winter
 John Smith- 1608 brought leadership to the colony
 “He who shall not work shall not eat”
 Peaceful relations w/ the Indians (Powhatan=chief, Pocahontas)
Cultural Clashes in Chesapeake
• 1st Anglo-Powhatan War (1610-1614)
• Cause: English raided Indian food supplies, Virginia Company
ordered Lord De La Warr to attack.
• Result: Peace sealed by marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe
• 2nd Anglo-Powhatan War (1644)
• Cause: Same as the 1st. Last effort by Indians to dislodge English.
• Result: Peace treaty of 1646. Banned Indians from ancestral lands
separating them from whites (origins of reservation system)
Peace Treaty of 1646
 Removed the Powhatans from their original land.
 Formally separated Indian and English settlement areas!
Cultural Clashes in Chesapeake
• Indians fell victim to the THREE D’s
1.
2.
Disease- natives were vary susceptible to new disease
Disorganization- lacked unity as a whole compared to military
minded English
Disposability- The Indians served no economic function to the
settlers
3.
•
SETTLERS WANTED LAND AND INDIANS JUST GOT IN THE
WAY!!
The Indians “New World”
• Characteristics of the “New World” Indians now faced.
•
Long history disrupted by the European colonization of the New
World
Powhatan’s fate foreshadowed that of all native peoples (no
adaptation)
Disease = biggest disrupter (killed oral tradition of elders)
Trade- firearms were such a big advantage
•
•
•
•
•
This leads to Indian v Indian warfare for prime hunting grounds to
trade with Europeans.
Indians wanted European goods.
Colonies in the New World
• Virginia: Child of Tobacco
• Founded in 1607 (Jamestown)
• John Rolfe-Father of tobacco and real savior of New World
economy.
• European demand
• Negatives:
(colonists need more land to fill demand)
• Bad for soil, fluctuating price of crops, promoted plantation system
• 1619 First African slaves are brought to America (Very expensive)
• House of Burgesses
• Representative Government
• James I grew hostile and revoked Virginia’s charter making it a royal
colony in 1624. WHY?
•
•
•
•
He hated tobacco.
He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a seminary of sedition.
1624 he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company.
Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control!
Early Colonial Tobacco
1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of
tobacco.
1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of
its colonists in an Indian attack,
Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of
tobacco.
1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds
of tobacco.
1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds
of tobacco.
Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”
Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:
 Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic
footing.
 Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.
 Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.
Tobacco promoted the use of the
plantation system.
 Need for cheap, abundant labor.
English Tobacco Label
First Africans arrived in Jamestown in
1619.
 Their status was not clear  perhaps
slaves, perhaps indentured servants.
 Slavery not that important until the end of
the 17c.
The Jamestown Nightmare
1606-1607  40 people died on the
voyage to the New World.
1609  another ship from England lost
its leaders and supplies in a shipwreck
off Bermuda.
Settlers died by the dozens!
“Gentlemen” colonists would not work
themselves.
 Game in forests & fish in river uncaught.
Settlers wasted time looking for gold
instead of hunting or farming.
17c Population
in the Chesapeake
100000
80000
60000
White
40000
Black
20000
0
1607
1630
1650
1670
1690
WHY this large increase in
black popul.??
High Mortality Rates
The “Starving Time”:
1607: 104 colonists
By spring, 1608: 38 survived
1609: 300 more immigrants
By spring, 1610: 60 survived
1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants
1624 population: 1,200
Adult life expectancy: 40 years
Death of children before age 5: 80%
Captain John Smith:
The Right Man for the Job??
There was no talk…but dig gold, wash
gold, refine gold, load gold…
Pocahontas song
Pocahontas
Pocahontas “saves”
Captain John Smith
A 1616 engraving
Pocahontas Primary Source
Reading
• http://bwomeninamericanhistory17.blogspot.com/2014/07/johnsmiths-1616-letter-about.html
Colonies in the New World
• Maryland: Catholic Haven
• Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore
• Reasons: Financial profit, create refuge for Catholics
• Land owners = Catholic: surrounded by poor resentful farmers
(Protestant)
• Tobacco= cash crop: led to prosperity
• Labor = white indentured servants
• Acts of Toleration (1649): provided Catholics with toleration
when surrounded by Protestants but death to those who denied
divinity of Jesus.
• For Jews/Atheist’s = less toleration then before
The Toleration Act of 1649
...whatsoever person or persons shall from henceforth upon any
occasion of offence otherwise in a reproachfull manner or way
declare call or denominate any person or persons whatsoever
inhabiting, residing, traficking, trading or comercing within this
province or within any ports, harbours, creeks or havens to the
same belonging, an Heretick, Schismatick, Idolator, Puritan,
Independent Presbyterian, Antenomian, Barrowist, Roundhead,
Separatist, Popish Priest, Jesuit, Jesuited Papist, Lutheran,
Calvenist, Anabaptist, Brownist or any other name or term in a
reproachful manner relating to matters of Religion shall for every
such offence foreit and lose the sum of ten shillings Sterling or
the value thereof to be levied on the goods and chattels of every
such offender and offenders...
and if they could not pay, they were to be "publickly whipt and
imprisoned without bail" until "he, she, or they shall satisfy the
party so offended or grieved by such reproachful language...."
Colonies of the New World
• West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America
• English began to settle while Spain was distracted by Dutch
rebellion (begin to see a power shift)
• Sugar was the economic foundation
• Difference: Sugar is a rich man’s crop and tobacco is a poor man’s
• Sugar requires a lot of labor = slaves (land clearing/refining)
• Barbados Slave Code- brought about to control slaves (4:1 ratio) in 1661.
Allowed vicious punishments
• In 1670 a group of small farmers settled in Carolina and brought
slaves and codes. (Plantation System)
Colonies of the New World
• 1670 a group of small English farmers from the West Indies arrived in Carolina. They were
squeezed out by the sugar barons.
• Brought a few black slaves and a model of the Barbados slave code with them.
• Named for King Charles II: The King granted Carolina to 8 supporters [Lord Proprietors].
• They hoped to use Carolina to supply their plantations in Barbados with food and
• Carolina’s
• Founded in 1670
• Reason: hoped to provide foodstuffs to sugar plantations in West Indies
• Economics:
• Rice
• Rice promoted slavery b/c Africans grew rice and immunity to malaria.
• Indian Slave Trade (10,000)
• Carolina’s were often in conflict from Spain (Florida) or Indians in the area.
Settling South
Carolina
• Charles town was
formed in 1670 by a few
colonists from England
and some planters from
the island of Barbados
• Initially, the economy
was based on trading
furs and providing food
for the West Indies
• By the middle of the
18th century, large ricegrowing plantations
worked by African slaves
created an economy and
culture that resembled
the West Indies
Port of Charles Town, SC
Also named for King
Charles II of England.
Became the busiest port
in the South.
City with aristocratic
feel.
Religious toleration
attracted diverse
inhabitants.
Colonizing the Carolinas
Carolina developed close economic ties to
the West Indies.
 Many Carolinian settlers were originally
from the West Indies.
 They used local Savannah Indians to enslave
other Indians [about 10,000] and send them
to the West Indies [and some to New
England].
1707  Savannah Indians decided to
migrate to PA.
 PA promised better relations with whites.
 Carolinians decided to “thin” the Savannahs
before they could leave  bloody raids
killed most of them by 1710.
•Although Carolina
was
geographically
closer to the
Chesapeake
colonies, it was
culturally closer to
the West Indies in
the seventeenth
century since its
early settlers—
both blacks and
whites—came from
Barbados.
•South Carolina
retained close ties
to the West Indies
for more than a
century, long after
many of its
subsequent
Crops of the
Carolinas: Rice
The primary export.
Rice was still an exotic
food in England.
 Was grown in Africa,
so planters imported
West African slaves.
 These slaves had a
genetic trait that
made them immune to
malaria.
American
Long Grain
Rice
By 1710  black slaves were a majority in
Carolina.
Crops of the
Carolinas: Indigo
In colonial times, the
main use for indigo was
as a dye for spun
cotton threads that
were woven into cloth
for clothes.
Today in the US, the
main use for indigo is a
dye for cotton work
clothes & blue jeans.
Rice & Indigo Exports
from SC & GA: 1698-1775
Democratic
North Carolina
• Farmers from VA and
New England established
small, self-sufficient
tobacco farms
• Region had few good
harbors and poor
transportation so there
were fewer large
plantations and less
reliance on slavery
• By the 18th century, the
colony earned a
reputation for
democratic views and
autonomy from British
control
The Emergence of North Carolina
Northern part of Carolina shared a
border with VA
 VA dominated by aristocratic planters
who were generally Church of England
members.
 Dissenters from VA moved south to
northern Carolina.
 Poor farmers with little need for
slaves.
 Religious dissenters.
Distinctive traits of North
Carolinians
 Irreligious & hospitable to pirates.
Conflict With Spanish Florida
Catholic Spain hated the mass of
Protestants on their borders.
Anglo-Spanish Wars
 The Spanish conducted border raids on
Carolina.
 Either inciting local Native Americans to
attack or attacking themselves.
By 1700  Carolina was too strong to
be wiped out by the Spanish!
Colonies of the New World
• North Carolina
• Officially Founded in 1712
• Located between aristocratic Virginia and S.C
• First inhabited by discontent small farmers from Virginia (squatters)
• Tired of aristocratic families
• Characterized by bloody relations with Indians
• Tuscarora War (1711)- Carolina’s defeated the Tuscarora Tribe (6th
member of the Iroquois Confederacy)
• By 1720 nearly all costal Indian tribes had been devastated
• Features of N. C
• Most Democratic of Southern States
• Independent Minded
• Least Aristocratic
Colonies of the New World
• Georgia: Buffer Colony
• Founded in 1733 as a buffer between Spanish Florida, French
Louisiana and the profitable S.C by James Oglethorpe
• Characteristics:
• Debtors prison (English sent convicts here)
• No Slavery at first (1750)
• Not very successful due to many factors
•
•
•
•
Climate
No plantation economy
Spanish Attacks
Small population
Georgia – The
Last Colony
• A proprietary colony and the
only colony to receive direct
financial support from the
home government in London
• Set up for 2 reasons
• Defensive buffer
• Rid England’s overcrowded
jails of debtors
• Special Regulations
• Absolute ban on drinking
rum
• Prohibition of slavery
• Colony did not thrive because
of the constant threat of
Spanish attack
• Taken over by the British
government in 1752 when
Oglethorpe and his group
gave up
• Bans on slavery and rum
dropped
• Colony grew slowly by
adopting the plantation
system of South Carolina
Plantation Colonies
• Characteristics of the Plantation Colonies (Similarities)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Exported Agricultural Products (Tobacco, Rice)
Slavery (Georgia in 1750)
Land controlled by few (N.C small exception)
Cities slow to grow due to spread out society (plantations)
Church of England is Dominant (Supported through tax)
Profit based society
Colony/Date
Virginia---1607
•Jamestown
Maryland--1634
Person Responsible
Joint Stock
Company
Virginia Company
Captain John
Smith
John Rolfe
Lord Baltimore
John Locke
North/South
Carolina
In 1663
Georgia—1732
8 English nobles
James Oglethorpe
Why Founded
Attract new
settlers for Dutch
and Swedish
colonists
Governed/Owner
Representative
Govt
•House of
Burgesses
Royal Colony
Religious
toleration—those
who believed in
Christ---allowed
persecuted
Catholics to settle
in Maryland
Representative
govt
Setup a new
colony based upon
social
classes…Failed
and divided into 2
parts
Representative
govt
Provide a place for
debtors could start
a new life---Acted
as a buffer against
Spanish Florida
Proprietary
Colony
Royal Colony
Royal Colony
APUSH Period 1 in 10 minutes
Period 1 Short Answer Practice
• Identity: How did the identities of colonization and indigenous American
societies change as a result of contact in the Americas?
Work, Exchange, & Technology: How did the Columbian Exchange – The
mutual transfer of material, goods, commodities, animals, and disease –
affect interaction between Europeans and natives and among indigenous
peoples in North America?
Peopling: Where did different groups settle in the Americas (before contact)
and how and why did they move to and within the Americas (after contact)?
Politics & Power: How did Spain’s early entry into colonization in the
Caribbean, Mexico, and South America shape European and American
developments in this period?
America & the World: How did the European attempts to dominate the
Americas shape relations between Native Americans, European, and
Africans?
Environment & Geography: How did pre-contact populations of North
America relate to their environments? How did contact with Europeans and
Africans change these relations in North America?
Ideas, Beliefs, & Cultures: How did cultural contact challenge the religious
and other values systems of peoples from the Americas, Africa, and Europe?
Period 1 Review
Practice Questions
• https://www.albert.io/ap-us-history/questions
Period 1- Academic Merit
• CB.academicmerit.com