Download Ch.1: New World Beginnings

Ch.1: New World
Beginnings
33,000 BC to 1769 AD
By: Kurt Hofius
Edited: Andres Marcuse
Shaping of North America
• According to
continental drift, North
America was formed
when it broke off from
the super continent.
The Land Bridge Theory
• During the Ice Age,
the seas congealed
and a land bridge was
formed across the
Bering Straight.
• Theories state that
the Americas were
peopled when people
crossed the Bering
Straight from Asia
The Land Bridge Theory
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1n47P
2d1Fg
Early Native Americans
•
•
•
•
•
Aztecs- modern day Mexico
Incas- Modern day Peru
Pueblos- southwest United States
Mound Builders- Ohio River Valley
Iroquois Confederacy- northeast United
States
• Mayas – Yucatan Peninsula
North American Indian Tribes
Southwestern Pueblos
• Lived in adobe houses
• Elaborate irrigation systems
• Named Pueblo people by the Spanish
Mound Builders
• Located, for the most part, in the Ohio
Valley
• Built ceremonial mounds
Mound Builders
Iroquois Confederacy
• This federation gave
the most resistance to
colonization.
• Led by Hiawatha
• Made up of
independent tribes
that worked together
when the need arose
Iroquois Longhouses
“three-sister” farming
• By planting high
yielding corn,
squash, and
beans, relatively
large
populations
could be
sustained.
Three-Sister Farming
• Allowed for higher
population
densities
• Used by groups
such as the
Cherokee, Creek,
Choctaw, and
Iriquois
• More diverse diet
Causes for European Colonization
• Motive was economic, not
religious.
• Came looking for gold
and spices  resources
• For the most part,
colonization helped
countries economically
Around Africa
• The Portuguese
explored the coast of
Africa first  Cape
Horn
• Bartholomeu Dias
was able to round
South Africa, but he
was forced to turn
back.
• This was the first sea
route to the Asian
markets
Around Africa
• Vasco de Gama was
the first to reach
India.
• This opened a sea
route to the products
of Asia.
• Portugal controlled
these routes
What made Columbus’s
discoveries possible?
• The unification of Spain and mariner’s compass made
ocean exploration more feasible.
• Improved ships also helped
Columbian Exchange
• The Columbian Exchange
allowed the exchange of
goods from Old World to
the New World and Vice
Versa.
• Diseases also were
unwittingly passed causing
devastation to the Indian
populations.
Conquistadors
• Hernan Cortes conquered
the Aztecs in Mexico.
• Malinche, a native
women (non Aztec)
translated for Cortes. The
word Malinchista gets its
meaning from her. It
means “traitor.”
The Aztecs
• Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital,
was as large as any European
city.
• Eventually conquered by
Cortez
• Spain had the advantages of
guns, steel, horses, and
disease
The Aztecs
• The architecture
and aqueduct
reflected an
advanced
civilization.
Francisco Pizarro
• Francisco Pizarro
conquered the
Incas in South
America.
The Incas
• This once powerful
civilization became
a source of gold for
the Spanish.
Encomienda
• The Spanish who
conquered the land used
the Indians as forced
workers on their farms.
• This practice of enslaving
the Indians was
considered permissible
since they were also
being forced to become
Christians.
Encomienda
• Some historians sum up
Spanish exploration in the
New World as the quest
for “God, glory, and gold.”
• Gold  economy
• Glory  conquering
civilizations
• God  “converting” the
natives
Other explorers
• Juan Ponce
de Leon
more than
likely for
gold than
the fountain
of youth.
Other explorers
• Vasco Balboa
discovered the Pacific
Ocean, althuogh he
was actually not the
first in his party to
reach the sea.
Other explorers cont.
• Francisco Coronado
sought fabled “golden”
cities. They ended up
being Adobe Pueblos.
Other explorers cont.
• Hernando de Soto sought
gold and explored
through Florida to the
Mississippi River. He
treated the Indians poorly
and died of fever and
wounds during the
expedition.
The Treaty of Tordesillas
• In 1494, the Pope
drew this line to divide
the New World
findings between
Spain and Portugal
• Spain would dominate
the New World while
Portugal would keep
its trading posts and
trade routes to India.
Other European Powers
• France
– Giovanni da
Verrazano explored
the eastern coast of
North America.
– Jacques Cartier
explored hundreds of
miles of the St.
Lawrence River.
Spanish Fortify their holdings
• St. Augustine Florida is the site of a large Spanish fort.
• The purpose was to protect the waterways into the Caribbean.
The Mission System
• This system allowed
for the conversion of
local Indians,
fortifications, and
religious centers for
the Spanish
Americas.
• Every mission was a
day’s ride from
another mission
Fr. Junipero Serra
• This Catholic priest founded
the mission system in
California.
• This system would “convert”
nearly 300,000 Indians to
Christianity.
Catholicism and New Spain
• Catholicism was
strong in New Spain,
but particularly
present in New
Mexico.
• The harsh treatment
of the Indians sparked
one major rebellion
called the Pope’s
Rebellion.
Pope’s Rebellion
• The natives destroyed
every Catholic Church
and rebuilt their
worship grounds.
• It took nearly half a
century for the
Spanish to regain
control of the
rebellious region.
Effects of Spanish Missionaries.
• The missionaries changed
the lives of Indian tribes
forever.
• They adopted Christianity
and a stationary
agricultural life style.
The “Black Legend”
• The Spanish did
more than just kill,
infect, pillage, and
enslave natives.
• They also brought
things with them
from the new
world: horses, etc.
The “Black Legend”
They instilled their language
and customs into the Indian
society eventually creating a
score of Spanish speaking
nations.