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Topic 1 Basic Biological Principles 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Unifying Characteristics of Life Two Types of Cells Organization of Multicellular Organisms The Three Domains Investigating the Natural World Topic 1: Lesson 1 Resources: 1. Read Chapter 1.1: pp. 4-8 2. Lab: Characteristics of Living Things 3. Lab: Are Corn Seeds Alive? 4. Matching: Levels of Organization 5. Video: Emergent Properties of Multicellular Organisms 6. Finish Line: Homeostasis 7. Video: Homeostasis in the Human Body UNIFYING CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE Characteristics of Life 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Organization – All living things are made of cells Obtaining and using energy Maintaining homeostasis Responding to stimuli in the environment The ability to reproduce, grow and develop – Based on a universal genetic code 6. Populations evolve over time Levels of Organization Organelle Emergent Properties • As a result of the organization within a living thing, “the whole is greater than the sum of the parts.” – When the components interact, they create new, complex functions – Exist at each level of organization Energy is Lost as Heat When Energy is Transferred Producers extract energy and nutrients from the nonliving (inorganic) environment. Consumers obtain energy and nutrients by eating other organisms. Decomposers are consumers that obtain nutrients from dead organisms and detritivores consume organic wastes. Homeostasis • The process by which a cell or organism maintains equilibrium Stimuli Produce a Response Reproduction • Organisms produce clones of themselves through asexual reproduction or are a mix of their parents genetic information in sexual reproduction Characteristics of Life • Universal genetic code • Growth • Development All Organisms Have Evolved and Will Continue to Evolve • Populations change over time Topic 1: Lesson 2 1. POGIL: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 2. Video: Amoeba Sisters; Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 3. Video: Ricochet Science; Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells TWO TYPES OF CELLS The Building Blocks of Life are Cells Characteristics of All Cells • All life is made of cells and all cells share the characteristics covered previously. They also share certain cellular features: – Plasma membrane (cell membrane) separates the cell from its environment and regulates the exchange of material into and out of the cell – Cytoplasm – watery environment that fills the cell’s internal volume – DNA – stores genetic information that is passed onto to the next generation – Ribosomes – decode genetic information in mRNA and assemble amino acids into proteins • Cells can be broken up into 2 categories: Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Nucleus No Yes Cell number Unicellular Unicellular or multicellular DNA Circular chromosome (genophore) found in cytoplasm Linear chromosome s contained in nucleus Examples Bacteria Plants, animals, fungi, protists Plasma membrane Yes Yes Membrane No -bound organelles Yes Ribosomes Yes, large Yes, small Prokaryotic Cells • Unicellular organisms that lack membranebound organelles – The oldest type of cell dating back to 3.5 bya – DNA is free floating in the cytoplasm – Examples include bacteria and archaea Eukaryotic Cells • Complex cells that have membrane-bound organelles within the plasma membrane – DNA is contained in a nucleus – A cytoskeleton or protein scaffold helps to maintain the structure of these large cells – Examples include protists, fungi, animals, and plants – They may be unicellular or multicellular Organelles of the Eukaryotic Cell • Organelles – membrane bound structures that perform very specific functions – Nucleus – contains genetic information (DNA) packaged as chromosomes – Mitochondria – synthesize ATP molecules that power life processes – Ribosomes (free) – produce proteins used within the cell – Ribosomes (attached to ER) – produce proteins that will be transported out of the cell – Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – packages the proteins into vesicles – Golgi Apparatus – absorbs and tags the vesicles with the appropriate address Topic 1: Lesson 3 Resources: 1. Read Chapter 25.1-25.3: pp. 522-530 2. Read Chapter 22.3: pp. 469-472 3. Video: Amoeba Sisters; Human Body Systems: The 11 Champions 4. Chart-Organ System 5. Chart-Body Systems 6. Web Quest: Organ Systems ORGANIZATION OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS All Cells are Different • Cells are differentiated, or specialized to perform different functions Red blood cells Nerve cells Animal Tissues • Cells form tissues, a group of similar cells that share a structure and function • Animals are made up of four basic tissue types – Epithelial: skin, inner lining of esophagus & gut – Connective: bone, cartilage, loose (between organs), dense (ligaments/tendons), blood, adipose (fat) – Muscle: smooth, skeletal, cardiac – Nervous: brain, nerves, spinal cord Plant Tissues • Cells form tissues, a group of similar cells that share a structure and function • Plants are made up of three basic tissue types – Ground: interior portion of stems, leaves, roots – Dermal: surface of stems and roots – Vascular: transports water and sugars Tissues form Organs Organ Systems are Interconnected • Organs form organ systems, groups of related organs that work together to do a particular job – The human body is made up of 11 organ systems 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Nervous Endocrine Skeletal Muscular Integumentary Immune 7. Circulatory 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive 10. Urinary (Excretory) 11. Reproductive Communication The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate communication. Support and Movement The skeletal and muscular systems support and move the body. Acquiring Energy The digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems work together to acquire energy. Protection The urinary/excretory, integumentary, immune, and lymphatic systems protect the body. Reproduction The reproductive system produces the next generation. Topic 1: Lesson 4 Resources: 1. Read Chapter 1.2: p. 9 2. Chart: Three Domain System 3. Video: Bozeman Science; The Three Domains of Life 4. Read Chapter 17.3-17.4: pp. 352-355 5. Read Chapter 18.1: pp. 362-363 6. Read Chapter 19.1: pp. 380-383 7. Read Chapter 20.1: pp. 400-402 8. Read Chapter 21.1: pp. 418-422 THE THREE DOMAINS The Three Domains Prokaryotic Domains Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria • No nucleus • No nucleus • Unicellular • Unicellular • Cell wall made of protein • Cell wall made of peptidoglycan • Chemotrophic – “True” or normal bacteria – Actinobacteria – disease causing – Cyanobacteria – photosynthesizing • Most live in extreme environments – Methanogens – Thermophiles – Halophiles Domain Eukarya • CELLS CONTAIN A NUCLEUS • Kingdoms of Protista – unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic, autotrophic, mixotrophic Domain Eukarya • Kingdom Animalia – multicellular heterotrophs (ingestion) Domain Eukarya • Kingdom Fungi – multicellular heterotrophs (saprotrophic), cell wall made of chitin Domain Eukarya • Kingdom Plantae – multicellular autotrophs, cell wall made of cellulose Topic 1: Lesson 5 Resources: 1. Read Chapter 1.3: pp. 10-14 2. Practice: Variables 3. Read: Hypothesis, Theory, Laws and Principles 4. Scientific Method: MetaboHerb 5. Scientific Method : Pacific Tree Frogs INVESTIGATING THE NATURAL WORLD Think Like a Scientist! The Scientific Method Types of Science Discovery Science • Hypotheses are tested while doing observations • No control group is needed • Field studies, comparative studies Controlled Experiments • Hypotheses are tested by using a control group and one or more experimental groups • A placebo may be involved Components of Experiments • Independent variable (manipulated variable): what is being manipulated/modified (X axis) • Dependent variable (responding variable): what is measured; what changes during the experiment (Y axis) • Standardized variable: the constant for all subjects and groups in an experiment • Standardized conditions (controls): basis for comparison Components of Experiments • Data/Observation – what is gathered during an experiment – Quantitative: numerical, measurable, countable • Ex: meters, temperature, CO2 levels – Qualitative: non-numerical, describable, not measurable • Ex: red flowers, smells like sulfur, tastes bitter Practice (Spontaneous Generation) Procedure? Observations? Hypothesis being tested? Control group? Independent/manipulated variable? Dependent/responding variable? Standardized variable/constants? Conclusions? Scientific Terminology • Inference - conclusions or deductions based on observations and prior knowledge or experience Practice • Observations: 1. I hear people screaming 2. I smell cotton candy, popcorn, and hamburgers 3. I see a lot of people • What can you infer? Scientific Terminology • Hypothesis – testable explanation of observations of the natural world – Logical prediction – Does NOT have to be in “if…then…because” format – More than just an educated guess – Hypothesis are supported, refuted/rejected, or modified • We do not PROVE anything in science Scientific Terminology • Theory – an explanation of the natural world supported by evidence and data – Explains HOW/WHY • Law – a statement or equation that accurately describes observations – Describes WHAT • “Modern science has two basic tasks: one, the determination of what the facts are [laws], and the other, the explanation of why they are as they are [theories].” Scientific Terminology • Laws do NOT become theories and theories do NOT become laws Scientific Terminology • Principle – a concept based on scientific laws and theories that are agreed upon by the scientific community – A fundamental or universal rule – Ex: the principle of independent assortment, the Hardy-Weinberg principle • Fact – repeatable observation that everyone can agree on – Ex: fire is hot, dropped pencils fall to floor, populations of organisms change over generations