Download Topic 1 - Basic Biological Principles

Topic 1
Basic Biological Principles
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Unifying Characteristics of Life
Two Types of Cells
Organization of Multicellular Organisms
The Three Domains
Investigating the Natural World
Topic 1: Lesson 1
Resources:
1. Read Chapter 1.1: pp. 4-8
2. Lab: Characteristics of Living Things
3. Lab: Are Corn Seeds Alive?
4. Matching: Levels of Organization
5. Video: Emergent Properties of Multicellular Organisms
6. Finish Line: Homeostasis
7. Video: Homeostasis in the Human Body
UNIFYING CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
Characteristics of Life
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Organization – All living things are made of cells
Obtaining and using energy
Maintaining homeostasis
Responding to stimuli in the environment
The ability to reproduce, grow and develop
– Based on a universal genetic code
6. Populations evolve over time
Levels of Organization
Organelle
Emergent Properties
• As a result of the organization within a living
thing, “the whole is greater than the sum of
the parts.”
– When the components interact, they create new,
complex functions
– Exist at each level of organization
Energy is Lost as Heat When
Energy is Transferred
Producers extract energy
and nutrients from the
nonliving (inorganic) environment.
Consumers obtain
energy and nutrients by
eating other organisms.
Decomposers are consumers
that obtain nutrients from dead
organisms and detritivores
consume organic wastes.
Homeostasis
• The process by which a cell or organism maintains
equilibrium
Stimuli Produce a Response
Reproduction
• Organisms produce clones of themselves through
asexual reproduction or are a mix of their parents
genetic information in sexual reproduction
Characteristics of Life
• Universal genetic code
• Growth
• Development
All Organisms Have Evolved and Will
Continue to Evolve
• Populations change over time
Topic 1: Lesson 2
1. POGIL: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
2. Video: Amoeba Sisters; Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
3. Video: Ricochet Science; Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
TWO TYPES OF CELLS
The Building Blocks of Life are Cells
Characteristics of All Cells
• All life is made of cells and all cells share the
characteristics covered previously. They also
share certain cellular features:
– Plasma membrane (cell membrane) separates the cell
from its environment and regulates the exchange of
material into and out of the cell
– Cytoplasm – watery environment that fills the cell’s
internal volume
– DNA – stores genetic information that is passed onto
to the next generation
– Ribosomes – decode genetic information in mRNA
and assemble amino acids into proteins
• Cells can be broken up
into 2 categories:
Prokaryotic
Cell
Eukaryotic
Cell
Nucleus
No
Yes
Cell
number
Unicellular
Unicellular or
multicellular
DNA
Circular
chromosome
(genophore)
found in
cytoplasm
Linear
chromosome
s contained in
nucleus
Examples
Bacteria
Plants,
animals,
fungi, protists
Plasma
membrane
Yes
Yes
Membrane No
-bound
organelles
Yes
Ribosomes
Yes, large
Yes, small
Prokaryotic Cells
• Unicellular organisms that lack membranebound organelles
– The oldest type of cell dating back to 3.5 bya
– DNA is free floating in the cytoplasm
– Examples include bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic Cells
• Complex cells that have membrane-bound
organelles within the plasma membrane
– DNA is contained in a nucleus
– A cytoskeleton or protein scaffold helps to
maintain the structure of these large cells
– Examples include protists, fungi, animals, and
plants
– They may be unicellular or multicellular
Organelles of the Eukaryotic Cell
• Organelles – membrane bound structures that perform
very specific functions
– Nucleus – contains genetic information (DNA) packaged as
chromosomes
– Mitochondria – synthesize ATP molecules that power life
processes
– Ribosomes (free) – produce proteins used within the cell
– Ribosomes (attached to ER) – produce proteins that will
be transported out of the cell
– Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – packages the proteins into
vesicles
– Golgi Apparatus – absorbs and tags the vesicles with the
appropriate address
Topic 1: Lesson 3
Resources:
1. Read Chapter 25.1-25.3: pp. 522-530
2. Read Chapter 22.3: pp. 469-472
3. Video: Amoeba Sisters; Human Body Systems: The 11 Champions
4. Chart-Organ System
5. Chart-Body Systems
6. Web Quest: Organ Systems
ORGANIZATION OF MULTICELLULAR
ORGANISMS
All Cells are Different
• Cells are differentiated, or specialized to
perform different functions
Red blood cells
Nerve cells
Animal Tissues
• Cells form tissues, a group of similar cells that share
a structure and function
• Animals are made up of four basic tissue types
– Epithelial: skin, inner lining of esophagus & gut
– Connective: bone, cartilage, loose (between organs),
dense (ligaments/tendons), blood, adipose (fat)
– Muscle: smooth, skeletal, cardiac
– Nervous: brain, nerves, spinal cord
Plant Tissues
• Cells form tissues, a group of similar cells that share
a structure and function
• Plants are made up of three basic tissue types
– Ground: interior portion of stems, leaves, roots
– Dermal: surface of stems and roots
– Vascular: transports water and sugars
Tissues form Organs
Organ Systems are Interconnected
• Organs form organ systems, groups of related
organs that work together to do a particular job
– The human body is made up of 11 organ systems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Nervous
Endocrine
Skeletal
Muscular
Integumentary
Immune
7. Circulatory
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary (Excretory)
11. Reproductive
Communication
The nervous and
endocrine systems
coordinate
communication.
Support and Movement
The skeletal and
muscular systems
support and move the
body.
Acquiring Energy
The digestive,
circulatory, and
respiratory systems
work together to
acquire energy.
Protection
The urinary/excretory,
integumentary,
immune, and
lymphatic systems
protect the body.
Reproduction
The reproductive
system produces the
next generation.
Topic 1: Lesson 4
Resources:
1. Read Chapter 1.2: p. 9
2. Chart: Three Domain System
3. Video: Bozeman Science; The Three Domains of Life
4. Read Chapter 17.3-17.4: pp. 352-355
5. Read Chapter 18.1: pp. 362-363
6. Read Chapter 19.1: pp. 380-383
7. Read Chapter 20.1: pp. 400-402
8. Read Chapter 21.1: pp. 418-422
THE THREE DOMAINS
The Three Domains
Prokaryotic Domains
Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria
• No nucleus
• No nucleus
• Unicellular
• Unicellular
• Cell wall made of protein
• Cell wall made of peptidoglycan • Chemotrophic
– “True” or normal bacteria
– Actinobacteria – disease causing
– Cyanobacteria – photosynthesizing
• Most live in extreme
environments
– Methanogens
– Thermophiles
– Halophiles
Domain Eukarya
• CELLS CONTAIN A NUCLEUS
• Kingdoms of Protista – unicellular or
multicellular, heterotrophic, autotrophic,
mixotrophic
Domain Eukarya
• Kingdom Animalia – multicellular heterotrophs
(ingestion)
Domain Eukarya
• Kingdom Fungi – multicellular heterotrophs
(saprotrophic), cell wall made of chitin
Domain Eukarya
• Kingdom Plantae – multicellular autotrophs, cell
wall made of cellulose
Topic 1: Lesson 5
Resources:
1. Read Chapter 1.3: pp. 10-14
2. Practice: Variables
3. Read: Hypothesis, Theory, Laws and Principles
4. Scientific Method: MetaboHerb
5. Scientific Method : Pacific Tree Frogs
INVESTIGATING THE NATURAL WORLD
Think Like a Scientist!
The Scientific Method
Types of Science
Discovery Science
• Hypotheses are tested while
doing observations
• No control group is needed
• Field studies, comparative
studies
Controlled Experiments
• Hypotheses are tested by
using a control group and
one or more experimental
groups
• A placebo may be involved
Components of Experiments
• Independent variable (manipulated variable):
what is being manipulated/modified (X axis)
• Dependent variable (responding variable):
what is measured; what changes during the
experiment (Y axis)
• Standardized variable: the constant for all
subjects and groups in an experiment
• Standardized conditions (controls): basis for
comparison
Components of Experiments
• Data/Observation – what is gathered during
an experiment
– Quantitative: numerical, measurable, countable
• Ex: meters, temperature, CO2 levels
– Qualitative: non-numerical, describable, not
measurable
• Ex: red flowers, smells like sulfur, tastes bitter
Practice (Spontaneous Generation)
Procedure? Observations? Hypothesis being tested? Control group?
Independent/manipulated variable? Dependent/responding variable?
Standardized variable/constants? Conclusions?
Scientific Terminology
• Inference - conclusions or deductions based
on observations and prior knowledge or
experience
Practice
• Observations:
1. I hear people screaming
2. I smell cotton candy, popcorn, and hamburgers
3. I see a lot of people
• What can you infer?
Scientific Terminology
• Hypothesis – testable explanation of
observations of the natural world
– Logical prediction
– Does NOT have to be in “if…then…because” format
– More than just an educated guess
– Hypothesis are supported, refuted/rejected, or
modified
• We do not PROVE anything in science
Scientific Terminology
• Theory – an explanation of the natural world
supported by evidence and data
– Explains HOW/WHY
• Law – a statement or equation that accurately
describes observations
– Describes WHAT
• “Modern science has two basic tasks: one, the
determination of what the facts are [laws], and
the other, the explanation of why they are as they
are [theories].”
Scientific Terminology
• Laws do NOT become theories and
theories do NOT become laws
Scientific Terminology
• Principle – a concept based on scientific laws
and theories that are agreed upon by the
scientific community
– A fundamental or universal rule
– Ex: the principle of independent assortment, the
Hardy-Weinberg principle
• Fact – repeatable observation that everyone can
agree on
– Ex: fire is hot, dropped pencils fall to floor,
populations of organisms change over generations