Download Biology EOCEP Review

Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
1
B-1.1
How is experimental data and hypothesis related?
The experimental data either support or do not
support the hypothesis.
2
B-1.1
Hypotheses that are tested many times and not contradicted become
known as what?
Laws or principles
A student hypothesized that if four different wheels were tested, then
wheel 4 would have result in the fasted average time. Is the student’s
hypothesis supported or not?
No, the hypothesis is not supported, wheel 3 has
the average speed of 0.96 s but wheel 4 has the
average speed of 1.045 s.
3
B-1.1
4
B-1.1
In the question above, what is the independent variable?
Type of Wheel
5
B-1.1
In the question above, what is the dependent variable?
Speed
1
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
What would be an appropriate hypothesis for a student who wanted to
6
B-1.1
test the growth of a plant based on the amount of light provided to the
plant on a daily basis?
Lee and Greg wanted to test 8 different foods to determine if there was
starch in them. They put the food in the test tubes and added iodine,
7
B-1.1
which will turn food purple - black if it contains starch. They added three
drops of iodine to each tube and recorded their results. What is the
independent variable?
Answer
If plants are exposed to 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours
of light a day then the plants that are exposed to 10
hours will grow the most.
Type of Food
8
B-1.1
What is the dependent variable from the question above?
Sugar Content
9
B-1.2
What scientific apparatus would you use to measure out 23 mL to make
a chemical?
Graduated Cylinder
10
B-1.2
If Tom wanted to find out if the solution in his beaker was acidic or basic,
what should he use?
pH indicator paper
What is the reading on this scientific apparatus?
11
B-1.3
37oC
2
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
What is this a picture of?
Question
Answer
12
B-1.2
13
B-1.3
If you wanted to determine the amount of water left in a container, what
tool would you use?
Graduated Cylinder
14
B-1.3
Angie was measuring a piece of yarn and found that it was between the
33 and 34 mm line. What should she do?
Measure it to 33 and then estimate the last number
(33.5, i.e.)
15
B-1.4
The items that are kept the same throughout the experiment are called?
Constants / Controls
What is the purpose of a control group?
A control group is set up to compare whether the
effects of the dependent variable came from the
independent variable or some other source.
16
17
B-1.4
B-1.4
Beaker
Ethel wants to find figure out what factor will help her flowers have the
most leaves so she decided to do an experiment. She put 3 pots of
flowers in different amounts of sunlight. Every day she gave the pot in
the most sunlight 50mL of water, the pot with medium sunlight 25mL of
water, and the pot with the least amount of sunlight 10mL of water.
What is wrong with her experimental design?
She has more than one variable (amount of sunlight
and amount of water).
3
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Ethel decided to just test the amount of sunlight on the number of
leaves. Her hypothesis was: If flowers are given 12 hours of sunlight a
day, then they will have less leaves.
18
Answer
No, increasing the amount of sunlight actually
increased the number leaves.
B-1.4
Was her hypothesis correct? Explain
19
B-1.4
What was the independent variable in this experiment?
The amount of sunlight
20
B-1.4
What could be some possible controlled variables in this experiment?
Give the same amount of water, put the plants in the
same size of pot, give them the same amount of
plant food, same amount of soil, etc.
21
B-1.5
When making a graph to show your results from an experiment, which
variable should go on the Y-axis?
The dependent variable
22
B-1.5
Explain what is wrong with the following statement: "Converting 1L of
water into 1000mL changes the amount of water.
Changing the units does not change the original
value.
23
B-1.5
What type of graph is good for continuous data taken over a period of
time?
Line Graph
24
B-1.5
What type of graph is used to show percentages or parts of a whole?
Pie Graph
4
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
25
B-1.5
Question
What type of graph is used to show totals?
Answer
Bar Graph
What conclusion can you make from this data?
26
B-1.6
27
B-1.6
Tap water allows plants to grow faster than spring or
distilled water.
If you test your hypothesis and get the results you expected are you
finished or what should you do next?
The hypothesis should be tested several more times
and should be tested in different ways.
28
B-1.7
What are some factors an engineer needs to consider when choosing
the materials that will be used to make a new product?
Cost, availability, durability, affect on the
environment and users, qualities match the
requirements for the product, manufacturing
process works with the characteristics of the
material
29
B-1.8
What do technology and science have to do with each other?
Technological design has to do with applying
scientific knowledge to create products that meet
the needs of humans
B-1.8
Choose whether the following is exemplifying a scientific investigation or
technological design:
Many people do not like having their blood drawn so a research team
developed a device that automatically counts the number of white blood
cells in someone's blood simply by scanning a finger. After testing the
device they realized it was not very accurate and worked on how it could
be improved.
Technological design
30
5
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
31
B-1.9
What is the correct way to smell a substance while working in lab?
Use your hand to "waft" the smell towards your
nose.
32
B-1.9
Where should broken glass be placed?
In the cardboard broken glass box.
33
B-1.9
What are some things you should do before leaving the lab?
Make sure your work area is clean, turn off hot
plates, wash hands, put equipment away

34
B-2.1
What are the three parts of the cell theory?


All living things are made up of one or more
cells.
Cells are the basic unit and structure of all living
things.
All existing cells come from previously existing
cells.
35
B-2.1
Why must new cells be formed?
To replace existing old cells
36
B-2.2
What is found in the nucleus?
Chromosomes composed of DNA
37
B-2.2
What is the purpose of the mitochondria?
To produce energy for the cell
38
B-2.2
What is the chloroplast?
Organelle found in plants that undergoes the
process of photosynthesis to convert CO2 and water
to sugar.
39
B-2.2
What is the lysosome?
Organelle that contains digestive enzymes and
digests various materials in the cell.
40
B-2.2
What is a vacuole?
A sac structure that stores water, salts, proteins and
carbohydrates for plants and animals. Plants have
much larger vacuoles than animals.
6
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
41
B-2.2
What does the ribosome do?
It is the site of protein synthesis.
42
B-2.2
Where do you find ribosomes?
Either free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to
the endoplasmic reticulum
43
B-2.2
What is the job of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
To transport materials throughout the cell.
44
B-2.2
What is the job of the golgi apparatus?
To modify, collect, package and distribute materials
within the cell or outside of the cell.
45
B-2.2
What are cilia?
Short hair-like projections that is responsible for the
movement of animal cells or protists.
46
B-2.2
What are flagella?
Long whip-like projections that is responsible for the
movement of some animal cells, bacteria or protists.
47
B-2.2
What is the structure that is semi-permeable and encloses the cell, and
regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment
called?
Cell Membrane
48
B-2.2
The structure that allows information to pass from the nucleus to the
cytoplasm is called?
Nuclear Envelope or Nuclear Membrane
49
B-2.2
What is the purpose of the cell wall?
To aid in protection and support of the cell.
50
B-2.2
What are organisms that have a cell wall?
Plants, Fungi, Bacteria and some Protists
51
B-2.2
The semi-fluid material found inside the cell is called?
Cytoplasm
7
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
52
B-2.2
Question
What organelles are found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
Answer
Cell Wall and Chloroplast
What type of cell is this?
53
B-2.2
Plant Cell
What is this organelle?
54
B-2.2
Mitochondria
What is this organelle?
55
B-2.2
Chloroplast
8
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Compare and contrast Prokaryote and Eukaryote.
Answer
56
B-2.2
57
B-2.3
What do prokaryotes lack that are in eukaryote cells?
Membrane Bound Organelles (ER, Vacuoles, Golgi
Apparatus, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplast,
lysosomes)
58
B-2.3
Are prokaryote cells unicellular or multicellular?
Unicellular
59
B-2.3
What is the difference in the DNA of prokaryote and eukaryote cells?
Prokaryote cells do not have their DNA in
chromosomes, it is not arranged in strands, but
usually in a circular fashion.
60
B-2.3
Name one type of prokaryote cell.
Bacteria
9
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
61
B-2.3
Question
How do prokaryotic cells obtain their energy?
I am a cell that has been recently discovered. I contain a cell wall and a
plasma membrane. I have a large vacuole that stores water and many
chloroplasts to make sugars. I like the sunlight and have many
organelles. What kind of cell am I?
I am a cell that has a cell wall and ribosomes. I have cell membrane but
my DNA is not in strands. I can be found by myself many times. What
kind of cell am I?
Answer
From sunlight or chemicals in their environment
Eukaryote – Plant Cell
62
B-2.3
63
B-2.3
64
B-2.4
As cells divide and grow they become specialized in their structure and
function. What is this process called?
Differentiation
65
B-2.4
If all cells of a multicellular organism have exactly the same
chromosomes and DNA, how do they become differentiated to do their
specific jobs?
Only specific parts of the DNA are activated during
differentiation
66
B-2.4
Cells are arranged in what hierarchy?
Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems 
Organism
67
B-2.4
These cells are unspecialized cells that reproduce themselves and have
the ability to differentiate into any type of specialized cell. What are they
called?
Stem Cells
68
B-2.5
What is homeostasis?
The ability to maintain constant or stable conditions.
69
B-2.5
What is passive transport?
The movement of items across the cell membrane
without the use of energy.
70
B-2.5
The process of items moving from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration, down its concentration gradient, without
energy is called?
Diffusion
71
B-2.5
The diffusion of water is called?
Osmosis
Bacteria – Prokaryote
10
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
If the water concentration is greater on the outside of the cell than the
72
B-2.5
inside of the cell, water will move into the cell. What will happen to an
animal cell? A plant cell?
If the water concentration is greater on the inside of the cell than the
73
B-2.5
outside of the cell, water will move out of the cell. What will happen to
an animal cell? A plant cell?
The process of items moving from an area of high concentration to an
74
B-2.5
area of low concentration, down its concentration gradient, the aid of a
protein is called?
Answer
Animal – Lyse or Burst
Plant – Expands
Animal – Shrink
Plant - Shrink
Facilitated Diffusion
75
B-2.5
The process of items moving from an area of low concentration to an
area of high concentration, using energy is called?
Active Transport
76
B-2.5
What are some examples of items that must be passed through the cell
using energy?
Calcium, Potassium, Sodium
77
B-2.5
If a cell uses a vesicle to take a large molecule into the cell, what
process has occurred? To expel a large molecule from the cell?
Endocytosis – Take In
Exocytosis – Expel
78
B-2.5
What are some reasons that cells must use transport to maintain
homeostasis?
Expel Waste
Take in Food
Maintain appropriate size
79
B-2.6
What occurs in the steps during Interphase?
G1 – Cell grows and produced proteins
S – Chromosomes are replicated
G2 – Cell continue to grow and produce proteins
80
B-2.6
What is the name of the structure that holds sister chromatids together?
centromere
81
B-2.6
What is mitosis?
The process of cell division
82
B-2.6
What are the steps of mitosis in order?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
11
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
During mitosis, if the centromeres that join the sister chromatids split and
83
B-2.6
the chromatids are moving to opposite sides of the cell, what phase is
the cell in?
During mitosis, if the chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell
84
B-2.6
and the spindle fibers are connected to the centromere, what phase is
the cell in?
During mitosis, if the chromosomes begin to uncoil, a nuclear envelope
85
B-2.6
begins to reform around each pole, the spindle fibers begin to break
down and the cell starts to split, what phase is the cell in?
During mitosis, if the chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope
86
B-2.6
disappears and the centrioles are on opposite poles of the cell, what
phase is the cell in?
Answer
Anaphase
Metaphase
Telophase
Prophase
87
B-2.6
What is cytokinesis in plants called? Animals?
Cell Plating in plants
Cleavage Furrowing in animals
88
B-2.6
What does cytokinesis mean?
Cytoplasm splitting
89
B-2.7
What controls cell division?
Chemicals – Internal and External Regulation
90
B-2.7
What do we call critical control points in the cell cycle where the cell is
told whether “stop” or “go”?
Checkpoints
91
B-2.7
How do cells respond when they touch one another?
They release a chemical when they are close and
cell division is turned off, so they stop mitosis.
92
B-2.7
What can result from uncontrolled cell division?
Cancer
93
B-2.7
A mass of cells that results from uncontrolled cell division and invades
and impairs the function of one or more organs is called a?
Malignant Tumor
12
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
94
B-2.7
A mass of cells that that results from uncontrolled cell division and
remains at the original site is called a?
Benign Tumor
95
B-2.7
How do can cancer cells travel in the body?
Circulatory System
96
B-2.8
What is the amount of energy required for a biochemical reaction to
occur called?
Activation Energy
97
B-2.8
What is the name of the substance that reduces the amount of energy
required to start a chemical reaction in a living system called?
Enzyme / Catalyst
98
B-2.8
What are some things that can affect the enzyme?
Temperature and pH
99
B-2.8
What type of biological compound are enzymes?
Proteins
100
B-2.8
What is given off as a result of a biochemical reaction?
Heat – Your Body Temperature
101
B-2.8
What is a substrate?
The particular reactant that the enzyme works on.
102
B-2.8
Are enzymes general or specific?
Specific – one enzyme per substrate
103
B-2.8
An enzyme works best in the stomach at a pH of 3. If the stomach
suddenly becomes a pH of 5, what happens to the enzyme?
It does not work
Your sibling has a fever of 105oF, why is this a problem?
Enzymes control all the chemical reactions in your
body and if you temperature is too high it destroys
the enzyme and therefore your body does not
continue its biochemical reactions and you can die.
104
B-2.8
13
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
105
B-3.1
What is the ultimate source of all energy?
Sun
106
B-3.1
The process of using light energy to convert CO2 and water to glucose is
called?
Photosynthesis
107
B-3.1
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
108
B-3.1
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
Light Dependent Rxn & Light Independent Rxn
109
B-3.1
What occurs in the light dependent reaction?


Water is split and oxygen is released
ATP and NADPH is made
110
B-3.1
What occurs in the light independent reaction?

Sugars are made (Glucose)
111
B-3.1
What is the equation for photosynthesis
H2O + 6CO2 + Sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2
112
B-3.2
What is the ultimate goal of Cellular Respiration?
To make ATP
113
B-3.2
What is energy used for in the cell?
Active Transport, Protein Synthesis, Muscle
Contractions and other cellular processes.
114
B-3.2
What are the three steps of cellular respiration if oxygen is present?
Glycolysis  Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs Cycle 
Electron Transport Chain
115
B-3.2
What is the equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  H2O + 6CO2 + Energy
14
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
116
B-3.2
What process occurs if oxygen is not available?
Anaerobic Respiration / Fermentation
117
B-3.2
What types of organisms undergo alcoholic fermentation?
Bacteria and yeasts
118
B-3.3
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
119
B-3.3
What are the components of ATP? (what is it made of)



120
B-3.3
How is energy released from ATP?
A phosphate is broken off.
121
B-3.3
How is energy stored in APT?
A phosphate is added back on.
122
B-3.3
Fill in the equation: ADP + Phosphate + Energy  __________
ATP
123
B-3.4
How many amino acids are there?
20
124
B-3.4
How many amino acids are made by the body? How do you get the
others?
12; You get them from the food you eat.
125
B-3.4
What is the caloric value of protein?
The same as a carbohydrate (4 calories)
126
B-3.4
Which will your body use first for energy? Proteins, Carbohydrates or
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nitrogen Base
Ribose Sugar
Three Phosphates
15
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
127
B-3.4
What is the caloric value of carbohydrates?
Depends on the number of carbon – hydrogen
bonds but typically about 4 calories.
128
B-3.4
What is the caloric value of lipids?
9 calories
129
B-3.4
What are proteins made up of?
Amino Acids
130
B-3.4
What are carbohydrates made up of?
Monosaccharides (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)
131
B-3.5
What are the functions of proteins?
Structure, Transport of Substances, Regulation of
Processes, Speed up Chemical Reactions and
Control Growth
132
B-3.5
What is an example of a protein used for structure?
Collagen
133
B-3.5
What is an example of a protein used for transport?
Hemoglobin
134
B-3.5
What is an example of a protein that is used for contractions?
Muscles
135
B-3.5
What is an example of a protein that is used in biochemical control?
Enzymes
136
B-3.5
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
Energy Source
137
B-3.5
What is an example of a carbohydrate used as structure in plants?
Cellulose
16
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
138
B-3.5
What are lipids / fats used for in the body?
Energy, Cushioning Vital Organs, Insulation for the
Body, Cell membranes
139
B-3.6
What is a food chain?
The simplest path that energy takes through an
ecosystem
140
B-3.6
What is each level of a food chain or food web called?
Trophic Level
141
B-3.6
What is found at the first level of an energy system?
Autotrophs / Producers / Primary Producers
142
B-3.6
What is found at the second level of an energy system?
Primary Consumers / Heterotrophs
143
B-3.6
What are organisms that eat green plants called?
Herbivores
144
B-3.6
How is energy lost in an energy system?
Waste Heat
145
B-3.6
What is found at the third level of an energy system?
Consumers
146
B-3.6
What are organisms that eat primary consumers are called?
Carnivores
147
B-3.6
What are organisms that eat primary producers and primary consumers
called?
Omnivores
148
B-3.6
A heterotroph that decomposes organic material and returns the
nutrients to soil, water and air called?
Detritivore
17
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
149
B-3.6
A scientific model that shows all the different ways that energy can flow
through an ecosystem is called a?
Food Web
150
B-3.6
What type of pyramid shows the energy available at each trophic level in
an ecosystem?
Energy Pyramid
151
B-3.6
What type of pyramid shows the number of individual organisms
available for every at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
Number Pyramid
152
B-3.6
What is the type of pyramid that shows the total mass of living organic
matter at each trophic level called?
Biomass Pyramid
How many trophic levels are in this pyramid?
153
B-3.6
154
B-3.6
What is the top consumer in the diagram above?
Hawk
155
B-4.1
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
156
B-4.1
What are the bases in DNA?
Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and
Thymine (T)
157
B-4.1
What are the bases in RNA?
Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Uracil
(U)
5
18
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
158
Question
Answer



Nitrogen Base
Sugar
Phosphate group
B-4.1
What are the parts of a nucleotide?
159
B-4.1
Compare and contrast DNA and RNA in terms of
 Number of Strands
 Bases
 Sugars
 Function
160
B-4.1
Name which bases are complementary to each other for DNA
G with C, A with T
161
B-4.1
Name which bases are complementary to each other for RNA
G with C, A with U
162
B-4.2
What makes up a chromosome?
Chromosomes are long threads of DNA that is
tightly coiled together.
163
B-4.2
How are DNA and proteins related?
DNA is the code that makes the proteins.
164
B-4.2
How many genes are on chromosomes?
Thousands
165
B-4.3
What determines the specificity of proteins?
The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA.
166
B-4.3
A segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein is a?
Gene
167
B-4.3
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 chromosomes; 23 pairs
# of Strands
Bases
Sugars
Functions
DNA
2 – Double Helix
A, T, G, C
Deoxyribose
Genetic Code
RNA
1
A, U, G, C
Ribose
Protein Code
19
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
168
B-4.3
The pair of chromosomes that determines the sex is called?
Sex Chromosomes
169
B-4.3
What are all the chromosomes but the 23rd pair called?
Autosomes
170
B-4.3
Where does you chromosomes come from?
Mom and Dad
171
B-4.3
What is the DNA like if two organisms are closely related?
Very similar
172
B-4.3
Why do organisms look different?
The DNA has a different sequence, hence, the
proteins are coded differently like blonde or brown
hair.
173
B-4.3
What are two bases combined together called

Complementary / Base Pairs
THIS IS ALL CONTROLLED BY ENZYMES:
DNA unzips the helix.
DNA strands are separated.
Bases bond to its complement.
New strand and old strand combine together.
Strands turns back into a helix
174
B-4.3
How does DNA replicate?





175
B-4.3
Why is DNA considered as the "code of life"?
It contains the code for each protein that the
organism needs.
176
B-4.3
If dogs receive 39 chromosomes from each parent, how many
chromosomes do they have in total?
78 chromosomes
177
B-4.3
With which organism would a red maple tree be more likely to share
more of the same genes, an oak tree, earthworm, or rose?
Oak tree
20
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
178
B-4.4
What is the process called that creates proteins?
Protein Synthesis
179
B-4.4
Where does protein synthesis take place?
At the ribosome
180
B-4.4
What are the two parts of protein synthesis
1. Transcription
2. Translation
181
B-4.4
What occurs in the first part of protein synthesis?
The process by which DNA is copied into a
complementary strand of RNA in the nucleus.
182
B-4.4
The strand of RNA that is made in the nucleus is called?
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
183
B-4.4
What occurs in the second part of protein synthesis?
The process of transferring the information from
mRNA into a protein.
184
B-4.4
What is the three base code on mRNA called?
Codon
185
B-4.4
What does the three base code match with?
Anticodon
186
B-4.4
Convert this DNA sequence to mRNA and then tRNA.
AUG - GGG –AAA – TTT – CAT – TAG – GCG
UAC - CCC –UUU – AAA – GUA – AUC – CGC
187
B-4.4
What does the sequence of codon code for?
Amino Acids which combine together to make a
protein.
188
B-4.4
What holds amino acids together?
Peptide Bonds
21
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
189
B-4.4
Name the step of protein synthesis where DNA is copied into a
complementary strand of RNA.
transcription
190
B-4.4
Name the process that interprets the genetic message from DNA
language into protein language.
Translation
191
B-4.4
What does each codon specifiy?
A particular amino acid
192
B-4.4
Which type of RNA molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome to be
assembled together?
tRNA
193
B-4.4
Use the picture to describe what happens
during translation.
1. tRNA with its attached amino acid pairs to
the codon of the mRNA attached to a
ribosome
2. a second tRNA pairs to the next codon, the
attached amino acid breaks from the first
tRNA and attaches to the amino acid of the
2nd tRNA
3. a ribosome forms a peptide bond between
the a.a.
4. the empty tRNA leaves the ribosome
194
B-4.5
How does the chromosome number at the end of mitosis compare to the
chromosome number at the end of meiosis?
The chromosome number at the end of meiosis is
half the number of chromosomes at the end of
mitosis.
195
B-4.5
What are homologous chromosomes?
Two chromosomes containing the same type of
genes.
196
B-4.5
What does diploid mean?
Containing two set of chromosomes, one set from
each parent
197
B-4.5
What does haploid mean?
Containing only one set of chromosomes
22
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
198
B-4.5
Name a type of haploid cell.
Eggs and sperm
199
B-4.5
Name a type of diploid cell.
Skin, hair, lung, muscle, eye cells
200
B-4.5
What is the reduction in chromosome number called?
Meiosis
201
B-4.5
What is the final result of meiosis?
Four haploid cells
202
B-4.5
What are the steps of meiosis?
Interphase
Meiosis I
Meiosis II


Nuclear membrane breaks down.
Centrioles separate from each other to the
poles
Spindle fibers begin to form.
Homologous chromosomes pair up to form
tetrads, which consist of 4 chromatids.
203
B-4.5
What occurs in prophase I of meiosis?


204
B-4.5
What occurs in metaphase I of meiosis?

The tetrads line up in the middle of the cell

205
B-4.5
What occurs in anaphase I of meiosis?
The chromosome pairs pull to each side of the
cell but the sister chromatids remain attached to
each other.
206
B-4.5
What occurs in telophase I of meiosis?

Chromosomes gather at the poles and the
nuclear membrane may form.
207
B-4.5
What occurs in cytokinesis I of meiosis?

The division of the cytoplasm occurs
23
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
208
B-4.5
Question
What occurs in prophase II?
Answer



Nuclear membrane breaks down.
Centrioles separate from each other to the
poles
Spindle fibers begin to form.

Spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids into the
center of the cell

The chromosomes separate so that one
chromatid from each chromosome goes to each
pole.

The nuclear membrane forms around each set
of the chromosomes.
What occurs in cytokinesis II of meiosis?

The division of the cytoplasm occurs.
B-4.5
What phase does crossing over occur in?
Prophase I
214
B-4.6
What is the study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms
called?
Genetics
215
B-4.6
Two genes that are different forms of the gene are called?
Alleles
216
B-4.6
When an organism has two identical alleles for a particular trait the
organism is called?
Homozygous
217
B-4.6
When an organism has two different identical alleles for a particular trait
the organism is called?
Heterozygous
218
B-4.6
What is a genotype?
The genetic makeup of an organism
209
B-4.5
What occurs in metaphase II?
210
B-4.5
What occurs in anaphase II of meiosis?
211
B-4.5
What occurs in telophase II of meiosis?
212
B-4.5
213
24
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
219
B-4.6
What is a phenotype?
The physical appearance in an organism; how the
gene is expressed.
220
B-4.6
Which law explains how alleles are separated in meiosis?
Law of Segregation
221
B-4.6
The law that states the segregation of the alleles of one trait does not
affect the segregation of the alleles of another trait is called?
Law of Independent Assortment
222
B-4.6
If genes are found very close on a chromosome and are typically passed
Linked Genes
onto the offspring together, they are called?
223
B-4.6
Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross involving two
heterozygous tall plants. (Hint: complete a monohybrid cross)
Genotype: 1:2:1
Phenotype: 3:1
224
B-4.6
Determine the phenotype ratios of a cross involving two plants that are
heterozygous tall and yellow. (Hint: complete a dihybrid cross)
9:3:3:1
225
B-4.6
A dihybrid cross compares how many traits?
Two
226
B-4.7
What does crossing over increase?
Genetic diversity in organisms
B-4.7
When one allele is not completely dominant over another and organisms
appear to have a phenotype between the two parents it is called? (Hint:
Incomplete Dominance
227
red and white flowers produce pink flowers)
228
B-4.7
When both alleles are expressed in an organism it is called? (Hint:
229
B-4.7
When you have multiple combinations of alleles that result in the same
phenotype it is called? (Hint: blood types are this)
chickens and cows have this occur)
Codominance
Multiple Alleles
25
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
230
B-4.7
When traits are controlled by two or more traits, it is called?
Polygenic Inheirtance
231
B-4.7
When traits that are expressed are carried on the X or Y chromosome, it
is called?
X-Linked Inheirtance / X-Linked Traits
232
B-4.7
A female is designated by what genotype? A male?
XX; XY
233
B-4.7
What is the chance of a boy with each pregnancy?
50%
B-4.7
Create a monohybrid cross to determine the phenotype ratio of a male
who is colorblind who has a child with a female who carries the trait.
XC
234
235
236
B-4.7
B-4.7
Create a monohybrid cross to determine the phenotypes of the children
who have a hemophiliac carrier mother but a dad who is not a
hemophiliac.
What is a pedigree?
XC
C
X
C
X X
X CX
XCY
Y
XY
Bolded kids will be colorblind
X
XH
X
XXH
XX
H
X Y
Y
XY
Bolded kids will have hemophilia
A chart that shows inheritance patterns within a
family through multiple generations.
Identify all of the individuals affected with the trait.
237
B-4.7
I,2, II,1; III.2; III,4
26
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Which sex is more likely to have the trait?
238
B-4.7
Answer
Female
What type of inheritance does this look like?
Recessive but they may make an argument for seclinked if the females are carriers.
239
B-4.7
240
B-4.7
What does gene linkage mean?
Genes that are on the same chromosome will be
inherited together.
241
B-4.8
How are gene mutations different from chromosome mutations?
Gene mutations affect just a single gene, body cell
mutations affect a group of genes or an entire
chromosome.
242
B-4.8
What are some consequences of body cell mutations?
Cancer, aging
243
B-4.8
What is a mutation?
An alteration of a organism’s DNA
244
B-4.8
What are some causes of mutations?


245
B-4.8
If a mutation occurs in a body cell, will the trait be passed onto the
offspring?
No
Malfunction during meiosis
Chemical Exposure
27
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
246
B-4.8
If the mutation occurs in a gamete, will the trait be passed onto the
offspring?
Yes
247
B-4.8
When an entire chromosome is affected by a mutation, what type of
mutation has occurred?
Chromosomal
248
B-4.8
What are some examples of gene mutations?
Sickle Cell Anemia, Tay-Sachs, Huntington’s
Disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Albinism
249
B-4.8
If a mutation results in an abnormal number of chromosomes, usually
from meiosis, what type of mutation is it considered?
Nondisjunction
250
B-4.8
Give some examples of chromosomal mutations.
Klinefelter , Turner’s Syndrome, Down Syndrome
251
B-4.8
Are all mutations harmful? Why or why not?
No, some can be beneficial. Depends on if they are
useful to the organism in different or changing
environments.
252
B-4.9
When a scientist removes replaces a specific gene in an organism in
order to ensure a desired trait, the process is called?
Genetic Engineering
253
B-4.9
What does a gene map show?
The placement and distance between genes.
254
B-4.9
When a scientist inserts a normal gene in the place of an abnormal or
missing gene, the process is considered?
Gene Therapy
B-4.9
When people artificially select and breed only certain organisms with a
desire trait to produce the next generation, it is called? (Hint: breeding dogs,
255
Selective Breeding
cats and horses).
256
B-4.9
The process that involves selecting organisms that have a strong
expression for two desired traits to produce an offspring that expresses
both traits is called?
Hybridization
28
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
257
B-4.9
Question
Answer
What is a genome?
All of the genetic material in an organism
258
B-5.1
What are the four key principles of Natural Selection?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Overproduction of Offspring
Variation
Adaptation
Descent with Modification
259
B-5.1
In terms of natural selection what is meant by fitness?
An organism’s ability to be successful in its
environment.
260
B-5.1
Why do animals have an overproduction of offspring?
It ensures that a few will survive and grow to
adulthood to reproduce.
261
B-5.1
What is the original cause of variation of organisms within a population?
Genetics
262
B-5.1
Descent with modification refers to what being passed on?
Traits
263
B-5.1
Compare microevolution with macroevolution.
Microevolution occurs on a small scale and affects a
single population. Macroevolution takes place on a
large scale and affects species across populations.
264
B-5.1
Why does natural selection occur?
Species with traits that allow them to interact more
effectively with their environment are more likely to
survive and pass on their traits.
265
B-5.1
How does overproduction of offspring lead to natural selection?
It increases the competition for resources so the
one with the best traits survive.
266
B-5.1
How does phenotypic variation lead to natural selection?
Individuals with phenotypes that do not interact well
with the environment are likely to die and produce
fewer offspring than those who do interact well with
the environment
267
B-5.1
What is another common term for “natural selection”?
Survival of the fittest
29
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
268
B-5.1
What is decent with modification?
it is the development of populations with new
phenotypes that have adapted to new environments
269
B-5.2
What is passed on from generation to generation that allows organisms
to continue to survive?
Genetics (DNA and / or RNA)
270
B-5.2
What is meant by “universal code of life,” when talking about DNA?
All organisms have the same bases but in different
orders to code for various traits
271
B-5.2
Where does the variability in organisms come from?
Gene shuffling, crossing over, recombination of
DNA, or mutations
272
B-5.2
How many parents do sexually reproducing organisms have? Asexual?
Two; One
273
B-5.2
What are some examples of asexual reproduction?
Binary Fission, Budding, Fragmentation, Vegetative
Propagation
274
B-5.2
Which type of organism has a higher reproduction rate? Sexual or
Asexual? Why?
Asexual, must continue to reproduce continuously
to ensure success of a few.
275
B-5.2
Why do organisms that lived long ago resemble those that are alive
today?
All organisms share the same genetic processes
and these processes have been passed along
276
B-5.2
How does sexual reproduction contribute to variability?
Each parent’s genes are arrange in new ways in the
offspring.
277
B-5.2
What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
The offspring are identical, so if they lack a trait that
is needed to survive in an environment, they all will
die.
278
B-5.3
A groups of organisms that share similar characteristics and can
interbreed with one another to produced fertile offspring is called a?
Species
30
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
279
B-5.3
How does a change in one individual in a population spread throughout
to others in the population?
Share the same gene pool
280
B-5.3
Why is it important to have diversity within a population?
The greater the chance of survival of the of the
species during environmental changes.
281
B-5.3
Why are some traits seen more in populations than others?
They are the most successful traits and therefore
the organism survives to pass on their phenotype.
282
B-5.3
What is a species?
A group of organisms that share similar
characteristics and can interbreed to produce fertile
offspring
283
B-5.3
What is a gene pool?
All genes of all of the individuals of a population
284
B-5.3
If a species environment changes, what factor could help the species to
be more likely to survive.
If the species has a diversity of phenotypes that will
allow them to adapt.
285
B-5.3
If a species environment changes, how might the gene pool change?
The organisms with traits that are beneficial for
survival will become more prevalent.
B-5.4
What are the five factors that influence genetic variability in a
population?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
287
B-5.4
This is a random change in the frequency of alleles in a population over
time where, due to chance, rare alleles in a population will decrease in
frequency and become eliminated while others increase in frequency
and become fixed. This is called?
Genetic Drift
288
B-5.4
The movement of genes in and out of a population is called?
Gene Flow
286
Genetic Drift
Gene Flow
Non-Random Mating
Mutations
Natural Selection
31
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
289
B-5.4
Question
Answer
When the frequencies and the alleles spontaneously change in a
population it is sometimes caused by?
Mutations
290
B-5.4
What are the five conditions that must exist to maintain genetic
equilibrium?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
291
B-5.4
When a new species is formed it is called?
Speciation
What are some of the causes of a new species being formed?




292
B-5.4
The population must be large.
No movement in or out of the population.
Random Mating
No mutations within the gene pool.
No Natural Selection
Behavioral
Reproductive
Temporal
Geographic
Please match the following definitions with the terms.
293
B-5.4
A. Gradual changes of a species in a particular way over a long period of time.
B. Periods of abrupt change in a species after a long period of little change
within the species over time.
C. When a number of different species diverge from a common ancestor,
typically occurs over many generations and allows organisms to survive in
a variety of niches.
D. When different groups of organisms living in similar environments
produces species that are similar in appearance and behavior.
E. Two or more species living in close proximity change in response to each
other.
F. Elimination of a species often occurring when a species cannot adapt. This
may occur gradually or happen all at one time.
1. C - Adaptive Radiation / Divergent Evolution
2. D - Coevolution
3. E - Convergent Evolution
4. A - Gradualism
5. F - Extinction
6. B - Punctuated Equilibrium
294
B-5.4
What are some factors that will influence genetic variability in a
population?
Genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating,
mutations, natural selection
295
B-5.4
Name the principle that takes place when there is genetic equilibrium
and no change in the allele frequencies in a species.
Hardy-Weinberg principle
32
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
296
B-5.4
What is a factor that leads to speciation?
When organisms are isolated from the rest of the
population and the gene pools cease to blend.
297
B-5.4
How is mass extinction different from gradual extinction?
Mass extinction happens when a catastrophic event
takes place, gradual extinction occurs at a slow rate
298
B-5.4
What is punctuated equilibrium?
Abrupt changes in a species after long periods of
little change
299
B-5.5
What are homologous structures?
Similar characteristics resulting from common
ancestry
300
B-5.5 &
B-5.6
301
B-5.5 &
B-5.6
How does the field of embryology influence evolutionary theory?
Scientists look for similarities in patterns of
development of structures that occur during
embryonic development and may not be apparent in
adults.
302
B-5.5 &
B-5.6
How does the field of biochemistry influence evolutionary theory?
Scientists study genes and proteins to look for
similar sequences that might indicate a relationship
between organisms.
303
B-5.5 &
B-5.6
How does the field of paleontology influence evolutionary theory?
Scientists use the fossil record to provide evidence
of life forms over a timeline and compares the
change of structures over time.
304
B-5.6
What is convergence?
Structures becoming more similar with time.
305
B-5.6
What are transitional fossils?
Fossils that show links in traits between groups of
organisms
306
B-5.7
What does a phylogentic tree show you?
The evolutionary history of species based on
evolutionary relationships.
How does the field of anatomy influence evolutionary theory?
Scientists study structures and determine if
relationships may exist between them.
33
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer the questions based on the diagram:
307
Answer
1. Claws or Nails, Lungs and Jaws
2. Fur, Mammary Glands
3. Lungs
B-5.7
1. What do lizards all have?
2. What do mice and chimps have that no other organisms pictured
here have?
3. What developed after the perch?
308
B-5.7
What is a phylogenetic tree?
It is a scientific diagram that shows the evolutionary
history of a species. It classifies organisms into
groups based on evolutionary relationships.
309
B-5.7
Name the three domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
310
B-5.7
Name the six kingdoms
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, and Animalia
311
B-6.1
A community that includes all the abiotic and biotic factors in the area is
considered an?
Ecosystem
What factors contribute to a stable ecosystem?
1. The population numbers fluctuate at a
predictable rate
2. the supply of resources fluctuates at a
predictable rate
3. energy flows through the ecosystem at a
constant rate over time
312
B-6.1
34
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
What does the following graph show?
313
Answer
B-6.1
Predator Prey Relationship
314
B-6.1
Explain the graph from above in terms of predation.
The fox moves into the area because there are
plenty of rabbits to eat, when the rabbit numbers get
low the foxes leave or die due to lack of food and
the cycle begins again.
315
B-6.1
When two organisms need the same resource what occurs?
Competition
316
B-6.1
What happens when two species try to occupy the same niche at the
same time in the same area?
Competition. They fight and one will die or leave.
They cannot exist together.
317
B-6.1
What is a symbiotic relationship?
A permanent relationship between two organisms.
When the population of one becomes unbalanced, it
affects the other.
318
B-6.1
Identify the following as parasitism, mutualism or commensalism.
1. A flea that bites and sucks the blood from an animal.
2. Barnacles that attach to whales and eat as the whale moves. The
whale does not feel them or lost nutrition to the barnacle.
3. Plants that provide food for fungi and the fungi break down the
nutrients that the plants require.
4. Tapeworm that lives in the host and causes them to become weak.
1.
2.
3.
4.
319
B-6.2
The number of individuals living in a defined space is called?
Population Density
Parasitic
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
35
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Identify the following as density independent or density dependent
limiting factors.
1. A disease that destroyed all the chestnut trees.
2. A fire that killed all the plants.
320
B-6.2
3. A tornado
4. Bugs that drowned in the flood.
Answer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Density Dependent
Density Independent
Density Independent
Density Independent
Density Dependent
Density Dependent
5. Fighting over mates.
6. Foxes moving into the area to eat the rabbits.
321
B-6.2
Name three abiotic factors that can affect the population.
Temperature, Water, pH, Soil Nutrients, Amount of
Sunlight, Drought, Salinity
322
B-6.2
Name three biotic factors that can affect the population.
Predators, Prey, Other organisms
323
B-6.3
When does primary succession occur?
When there have been no organisms in the area or
the area was completely destroyed.
324
B-6.3
What are the first types of plants that occur in primary succession?
Lichens, grasses, small flowers and ferns
325
B-6.3
What is a pioneer species?
The first organisms in the process of primary
succession
326
B-6.3
Why is secondary succession usually faster than primary succession?
Because soil is already present
327
B-6.3
What is a climax community?
When a mature community results and there is little
change in the composition of species in the area.
328
B-6.3
What are some causes of secondary succession?
Hurricane, tornado, fire, human activities
36
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
329
B-6.4
What are some ways that carbon is cycled on earth?






330
B-6.4
What biochemical requires nitrogen?


Proteins.
Amino Acids require nitrogen

Nitrogen Fixation – bacteria convert chemical
nitrogen into a form that can be used by plants
Plants take in nitrogen from the soil and use it in
their parts.
Decomposition - bodies of animals decompose
Denitrification - bacteria break down nitrogen
compounds

331
B-6.4
How do organisms play a role in recycling nitrogen?
332
B-6.4
What drives the water cycle?


Photosynthesis
Respiration
Decomposition
Conversion into Biochemical Compounds
Combustion
Weathering
The Sun

Intake of water for photosynthesis and transport
of nutrients.
 Transpiration – Plants release water into the
atmosphere
 Respiration – organisms metabolize food for
energy and produce water as a by-product.
 Elimination – get rid of waste
Animals give off CO2, which is utilized by plants in
photosynthesis and O2 is given off as a by-product
and used by animals. So photosynthesis and
cellular respiration recycle oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
333
B-6.4
How do organisms play a role in the water cycle? What processes do
they undergo?
334
B-6.5
How does the earth maintain a constant supply of oxygen?
335
B-6.5
What is the greenhouse effect?
When the gases released such as CO2, methane,
oxygen and water vapor, trap the heat energy and
maintains the Earth’s temperature range.
336
B-6.5
As the amount of CO2 increases in the atmosphere, what happens to the
temperature of the earth?
Increases
37
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer
337
B-6.5
How does water get cleaned in the water cycle?
It is filtered through the rocks and soil which
removes impurities.
338
B-6.5
What organisms help to cycle nutrients of dead animals?
Fungi and Bacteria
339
B-6.5
How do the oceans act as a sink for carbon dioxide?
The salt water of the oceans absorb the CO2 that
plants do not use and convert it to salts such as
calcium carbonate.
340
B-6.5
How is soil generated?
The weathering of inorganic materials from wind,
water, and ice, and the decaying of organic
materials
341
B-6.5
What helps to keep the process of soil production to be consistent with
the process of soil erosion?
The presence of plants


Evaporation
Water seeping through soil and rock and being
physically filtered
Heavier particles of sediment settling out as
water flows
342
B-6.5
How is water purified?
343
B-6.5
If the amount of plant cover on earth increases, what will happen to the
amount of CO2?
It will decrease
344
B-6.6
What is carrying capacity?
The number of organisms a particular environment
can support as determined by the available
resources.
B-6.6
The continuous increase in human population growth causes what kinds
of problems?



Water and Food Shortages
Pollution
Spread of Disease

Helped
o Produces more food due to machines
Hurt
o Machines use non-renewable resources
to work
o Chemicals hurt soil
345
346
B-6.6
How has agricultural technology helped and hurt the environment?


38
Biology EOCEP Review Sheet
Q#
Std
Question
Answer

Helped
o Increased communication,
transportation and gratification of
people.
 Hurt
o Machines use non-renewable resources
to work
o Chemicals released in air hurt
environment
o Acid Rain
Resources that can be remade in your lifetime.
 Trees
 Food
 Water
Resources that cannot be remade in your lifetime.
 Fossil Fuels
 Aluminum
 Diamonds
347
B-6.6
How has Industrial technology helped and hurt the environment?
348
B-6.6
What are renewable resources? Name three.
349
B-6.6
What are non-renewable resources? Name three.
350
B-6.6
As the Earth nears it’s carrying capacity, the death rate will increase and
birth rate will decrease because of what factors?
351
B-6.6
What are two consequences of deforestation?
1. global warming from lest tress absorbing CO2
2. Increase of the erosion rate and decrease of
soil generation
352
B-6.6
What natural resources can be used for alternative energy technology?
wind, water, geothermal and solar



Food and water shortages
Pollution of the environment
Spread of diseases
39