Download South Carolina State Biology Standards for 2008 aligned to Prentice

South Carolina State Biology Standards for 2008 aligned to Prentice Hall Textbook
B-2
Structure and function of cells and their organelles
B-2.1 Recall 3 major tenets (parts) of the cell theory
1.
2.
3.
B-2.2 Summarize the structures and functions of organelles found in a eukaryotic cell and be able to use a
diagram to locate each: nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes, endoplasmic
reticulum [ER], Golgi apparatus
Eukaryotic Organelle
Plant (P) or Animal (A)
1-2 word description
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
Cilia
Flagella
Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
B-2.3 Compare the structures and organelles of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Classify a cell as a plant or an animal cell based on a diagram.
Full description
Classify a cell as a plant or an animal cell based on a model.
B-2.4 Explain the process of cell differentiation as the basis of organization of organisms beginning with cells.
cells  _________ _________ _________  _________
B-2.5 Explain how active, passive, and facilitated transport serve to maintain homeostasis.
Passive Transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
-Isotonic [Dynamic Equilibrium]
-Hypertonic and Hypotonic
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Cells pump
-Ex. 1
-Ex. 2
Active Transport with transport proteins
-Endocytosis
-Exocytosis
B-2.6 Summarize the characteristics of the cell cycle: interphase, phases of mitosis and plant and animal
cytokinesis.
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Identify the phases of mitosis
Explain the purpose of each event in each phases of the cell cycle to the survival of the cell or organism.
Interphase
G1
S
G2
Mitosis
P
M
A
Cytokinesis
Plant
Anmal
B-2.7 Summarize how cell regulation controls and coordinates cell growth and division and allows cells to
respond to the environment, and recognize the consequences of uncontrolled cell division (include internal and
external stimuli, cancer cells and the formation of tumors)
B-2.8 Explain the factors (temperature, pH and how they relate to enzymes) that affect the rate of
biochemical reactions in living systems.
temperature pH
B-3
Function
Location
Reactants
Products
Equation Arrow
Direction
Flow of energy within and between living systems
Photosynthesis
Energy Capture
Chloroplast
Energy and CO2 and H2O
C6H12O6 and O2
Cellular Respiration
Energy Release
Mitochondria
C6H12O6 and O2
Energy and CO2 and H2O
Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O ______ C6H12O6 + O2
Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O ______ C6H12O6 + O2
B-3.1 Summarize the overall process by which photosynthesis converts
solar energy into chemical energy and interpret the chemical equation
for the process. (Use the diagram to the right to help you be sure to
discuss each part diagrammed.)
B-3.2 Summarize the basic aerobic and anaerobic processes of cellular respiration and interpret the chemical
equation for cellular respiration.
Describe the basic aerobic process of cellular respiration in the space below the diagram:
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Describe each of the major points of aerobic respiration in the space provided.
Glycolysis
___________________________________________________________________________________
Krebs cycle
___________________________________________________________________________________
Electron Transport ___________________________________________________________________________________
Describe the basic anaerobic process of cellular respiration in the space below the diagram:
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Describe each of the major points of anaerobic respiration in the space provided.
Alcohol Fermentation
_____________________________________________________________________________
Lactic Acid Fermentation _____________________________________________________________________________
B-3.3 Recognize the overall structure of ATP and summarize its function.
Recognize the overall structure of the ATP molecule. And be able to determine what the three main parts of ATP are?
Label the ATP molecule as directed:
A. ___________________
B. ____________________
C. ____________________
D. ____________________
C+D. _________________
Summarize the function of ATP.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
B-3.4 Summarize how the structures of organic molecule (protein, carbohydrates, and fats) are related to
their relative caloric values.
Protein
Carbohydrate
Fats
B-3.5 Summarize the functions of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in the human body.
Protein
Carbohydrate
Fats
B-3.6 Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems.
B-4
Molecular basis of heredity
B-4.1 Compare RNA and DNA in terms of structure, nucleotides, and base pairs. in terms of structure,
nucleotides, and base pairs.
B-4.2 Summarize the relationship among DNA, genes and chromosomes. You may use the
diagram to the right to help you describe their relationships.
B-4.3 Explain how DNA functions as the code of life and the blueprint for proteins.
B-4.4 Summarize the basic processes involved in protein synthesis (including DNA replication, transcription and
translation).
DNA Replication
Transcription
Translation
Complete the following steps of protein synthesis.
Process
Where in
Cell
G
C
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
C
G
Explain how this process above codes for proteins, results in body (somatic) cell mutations, results in sex cell
mutations, and leads to diversity in species.
codes for proteins
results in body (somatic)
cell mutations
results in sex cell
mutations
leads to diversity in species
B-4.5 Summarize the characteristics of the phases of mitosis and meiosis (I and II).
Cell Cycle
Mitosis
Meiosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis Cytokinesis
Meiosis I
Mitosis
Interphase Interphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis Cytokinesis
Meiosis II
Mitosis
Prophase
B-4.6 Predict inherited traits by using the principles of Mendelian genetics (principles of segregation,
independent assortment, principles of dominance) (In addition: be able to complete a monohybrid and dihybrid
cross and interpret a pedigree)
Principles of Segregation
Independent Assortment
Principles of Dominance
B-4.7 Summarize the chromosome theory of inheritance and relate that theory to Gregor Mendel’s principles of
genetics.
Chromosome Theory
Relate each to the chromosome theory:
Principles of Segregation
Independent Assortment
Principles of Dominance
Gene Linkage
Crossing Over
Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
Multiple Alleles
Polygenic Traits
Sex-Linked
B-4.8 Compare the consequences of mutations in body (somatic) cells with those in gametes.
Recall the three main causes of mutations made by DNA or RNA “Polly” Polymerase?
1
2
3
Exemplify (give examples of) genetic or chromosomal disorders.
Genetic Disorders
Chromosomal Disorders
Explain the effect that various mutations have on the cell, the organism, and future generations.
Cell
Organism
Future Generations
B-4.9 Exemplify ways that introduce new genetic characteristics into an organism or a population by applying the
principles of modern genetics.
Genetic Engineering
Natural Selection
Selective Breeding
Hybridization
B-5
Biological evolution and diversity of life
B-5.1 Summarize the process of natural selection.
B-5.2 Explain how genetic processes result in the continuity of life-forms over time.
B-5.3 Explain how diversity within a species increases the chances of its survival.
B-5.4 Explain how genetic variability and environmental factors lead to biological evolution.
Scientific Evidence and
the theory of Biological
Evolution
B-5.5 Exemplify scientific evidence in the fields of anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, and paleontology that
underlies the theory of biological evolution.
Anatomy
Embryology
Biochemistry
Paleontology
B-5.6 Summarize ways that scientist use data from a variety of sources to investigate and critically analyze
aspects of evolutionary theory.
B-5.7 Use a phylogenetic tree (given to the right) to identify the
evolutionary relationships among different groups of organisms (in the space
provided).
B-6
Interrelationships among organisms and biotic and abiotic components of their environments.
B-6.1 Explain how the interrelationships among organisms generate stability within ecosystems.
Predator/Prey
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
Using the graph to the right explain how interrelationship among
organisms generate stability within ecosystems
Density
Dependent
B-6.2 Explain how a given population of squirrels are affected by the following limiting factors.
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Disease
Density
Independent
Weather
Human activities
Natural disasters
Primary
Succession
B-6.3 Illustrate the processes of succession in ecosystems.
New formation
Pioneer Species (example Lichens)
Soil and Nutrients.
Seed Germination.
Climax Community
Secondary
Succession
DESTRUCTION OF HABITAT down to
soil layer such as:
Seed Germination
Climax Community
B-6.4 Exemplify the role of organisms in the geochemical cycles.
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Hydrologic
Cycle
B-6.5 Explain how ecosystems maintain themselves through naturally occurring process (like each of the
following).
Atmospheric Composition
Ozone Layer
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Nitrogen Cycle
Hydrologic Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Generation Soils
Soil Erosion
Waste Materials
Nutrients
and its effects on
the ecosystem
Consumption of
Resources
Technology
and its effects on
the ecosystem
Human
Population
Growth
B-6.6 Explain how (each of the following) human activities affect the physical and chemical cycles and
processes of Earth.
Carrying capacity
Resources
Balance of the cycles
of the Earth
Carrying capacity
Resources
Balance of the cycles
of the Earth
fertile soil
food sources
erosion
clean water
available land