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“EARTH’S ENERGY“ 1 5.1) Electromagnetic Energy. energy is the ability to do work. Everything that is done in the universe involves the use or transfer of energy. 2 There are two sources for Earth’s heat energy. 1) Internal source heat from earth’s interior. Comes from; 1 - remnant heat 2 - radioactive decay. 3 2) External source Comes from; Insolation – energy from the sun. (In/sol/ation) incoming solar radiation. This drives most Earth surface processes. 4 Electromagnetic Energy. energy that is radiated (given off) by all matter that is not at absolute zero. absolute zero = the lowest possible temperature. 0 Kelvin or -273oC.(-459.67F) the higher the temperature, the greater the amount of energy that is given off. 5 Characteristics and Types of Electromagnetic Energy. • different types of electromagnetic energy are distinguished by their wavelength. • wavelength - the distance from one crest of a wave to the next crest. 6 diagram; crest one wavelength | | trough crest | | one wavelength trough 7 Electromagnetic Spectrum See ESRT p. 14 Short Wave Energy High energy Long Wave Energy Low energy 8 The electromagnetic spectrum a model that shows all the types of electromagnetic energy. Visible light is the only portion of the spectrum that we can see with our eyes. 9 1) Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelength? (1) ultraviolet (2) gamma rays (3) visible light (4) radio waves 10 2) Which graph best represents the relative wavelengths of the different forms of electromagnetic energy? 11 3) Which color of the visible spectrum has the shortest wavelength? (1) violet (2) blue (3) yellow (4) red 12 4) In which list are the forms of electromagnetic energy arranged in order from longest to shortest wavelengths? (1) gamma rays, x rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light (2) radio waves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays (3) x rays, infrared rays, blue light, gamma rays (4) infrared rays, radio waves, blue light, red light 13 5) What is the basic difference between ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation? (1) half-life (2) temperature (3) wavelength (4) wave velocity 14 DATE Main Ideas and Supporting Details 15 There are three types of spectrum. 1) continuous a continuous band of colors, with one color blending into the next, the “real” rainbow. Produced by a glowing solid or liquid, or by a highly compressed glowing gas. 16 2) bright line (emission) dark background with a series of thin brightly colored lines. Produced from a non-compressed gas. 17 3) dark line (absorption) a continuous spectrum with thin black lines. Produced from the sun’s light, where light passes through a cooler gas. 18 19 Interactions between Electromagnetic Energy and an Environment. When electromagnetic waves strike an object they may be…. 20 1) refracted bent. 21 2) reflected bounced off. 22 3) scattered refracted and/or reflected in various directions. 23 4) transmitted passed through the material. 24 5) absorbed taken into the material. 25 Surface Properties and Absorption. The characteristics of the surface of a material will determine the amount of electromagnetic energy that can be absorbed. 26 Characteristics 1) Color dark color – absorbs well. light color – absorbs poorly. (it reflects energy) 2) Texture rough surface – absorbs well. smooth surface – absorbs poorly. (it reflects energy) 27 A material that absorbs electromagnetic energy well will.. heat up quickly. 28 A material that heats up quickly will also.. radiate (gives off) energy well. It will cool quickly 29 5-2) Transfer of Energy Energy moves from a … region of high concentration (a source) to a … region of low concentration (a sink). SOURCE SINK (high) (low) 30 heat energy – energy that is transferred from a region of high temperature to a region of lower temperature. 31 Achieving Dynamic Equilibrium Heat will move from a .. source to a sink until their energies are equal. Dynamic Equilibrium is achieved when.. the amount of energy being gained is equal to the amount of energy being lost. 32 3 Methods of Energy Transfer 33 1 - CONDUCTION Heat energy is transferred from atom to atom, when vibrating atoms collide. Conduction is most effective in solids. diagram: 34 35 HOT 36 DATE Main Ideas and Supporting Details 37 2 - CONVECTION caused by differences in density. warmer portions have a lower density and rise. cooler portions have a greater density and sink. only occurs in fluids; gases. liquids and convection currents occur in; – atmosphere, the hydrosphere, & below the lithosphere. Diagram: 38 39 40 3 - RADIATION. caused by electromagnetic waves. no medium is needed to transfer electromagnetic waves. examples; sunlight warming the earth or heating the inside of a car. diagram; 41 Diagram 1; Earth 42 Energy travels through space 43 Diagram 2; Inside car The inside is hotter than the temperature outside. 44 5-3) Transformation of Energy changing one type of energy into another. 45 Examples; 1) friction – kinetic energy is transformed into heat energy. glacier flowing down a valley. 2) waves Wind blowing on the ocean. energy from atmosphere to hydrosphere. 46 Transformations of Mechanical Energy mechanical energy – potential + kinetic energy. the energy of an object that is not related to the motion of atoms. 47 kinetic energy energy of motion. the faster an object moves, the greater its kinetic energy. 48 potential energy energy of position, or phase. (“stored energy”) the higher an object is above the center of the earth, the greater its potential energy. 49 Example; Waterfall 50 Water at the top of a waterfall has potential energy. as the water falls, some of its potential energy becomes kinetic energy. diagram 51 52 Capture this energy… (Build your own waterfall) Hydroelectric Height 726 River view of the eventual site of Hoover Dam, circa 1904 53 54 55 Transformation of Electromagnetic Energy Electromagnetic energy absorbed by an object is reradiated at a longer wavelength. high temp. emits short wavelength. lower temp emits longer wavelength. 56 Earth example; Short wavelength radiation from the sun (insolation) is absorbed and … ….reradiated as longer wavelength radiation (infrared) from the earth. diagram 57 Long wave from Earth Short wave from sun. 58 Temperature 59 temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a body of matter. One molecule Atoms in a gas 60 The instrument that is used to measure temperature is a …. thermometer Mercury thermometer Galileo thermometer digital IR thermometer 61 There are three different temperature scales… Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin – do not use degree sign; absolute zero is 0K use ESRT to do conversions 62 63 200 oF = 93 140 oF = 60oC 46 oF = 8 5 oF = -15 -13 oF = -25 oC o C = oC oC 367 K = 333 = 280 K = 258 = 248 K K K 64 Heat and Thermal Energy FYI Heat – is the transfer or flow of energy from a Hot object to one that is cooler. Thermal energy – When you feel a warm object You are actually feeling thermal energy – the movement of molecules that make up the object. 65 Heat energy is measured in a unit called a joule. 4.184 joules = 1 calorie 1 calorie • heat needed to raise one gram of liquid water by one degree Celsius. 66 Different materials heat up at different rates. Specific Heat • heat needed to raise one gram of any substance one degree Celsius. • or…specific heat can be defined as –the resistance a material presents to heating up or cooling off. 67 68 Liquid water has the highest specific heat of all naturally occurring substances. see Earth Science Reference Tables. For a 1 gram sample.. 4.18 J raises temp 1oC 4.18 J raises temp 6932oC Heat Energy and Changes of State 70 Melting Solid to liquid. (ice cubes melting) 71 melting titanium Solidification (freezing) Liquid to solid (water freezing) Toronto 72 Evaporation (vaporization) Liquid to gas (boiling water) 73 Condensation Gas to liquid (rain, mirror in bathroom) dew 74 Sublimation Solid to gas dry ice (decrease in snowpack) 75 Changes of State (phase) solid liquid gas 76 Changes of State (phase) HEAT IS RELEASED precipitation solidification condensation solid 334 J/g melting liquid 2260 J/g gas vaporization sublimation HEAT IS ABSORBED 77 Stored Heat and Changes of States During a change of state, heat added does not change the temperature. The added heat energy is being converted to a kind of potential energy, or stored heat. 78 Draw and label diagram; Heating of Water gas evaporation condensation 100oC temperature liquid melting 0oC freezing solid -100oC time 79 Earth's Energy Supply 80 1 - Solar Energy Of all the types of electromagnetic radiation from the sun, the one with the greatest intensity is … visible light. Solar energy is produced by … nuclear fusion. 81 2 - Earth's own Energy 1 - heat that remains from when the Earth formed. 2 - nuclear decay of radioactive materials. 82