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Verbals
Intro to Literature
Verbals
• forms of verbs used as
nouns, adjectives, or
adverbs. They may be
modified by adverbs
and adverb phrases
and they can have
complements.
• Participles
• Past and Present
• Gerunds
• Infinitives
Participle: a form of a verb that acts as an adjective
Present Participle
Past Participle
• I have running shoes.
• usually ends in –ed
sometimes –en, or
another irregular ending
• The smiling baby was
photogenic.
• That was an established
building.
• Ends in –ing
• The steaming cup of
coffee was delicious.
• The broken cup had
sharp edges.
• The spooked cat ran fast.
Participle Phrases
• a participle that is modified by an adverb or
adverb phrase or that has a complement. The
entire phrase acts as an adjective in a
sentence.
• Ex: I left my friend’s house, saying goodbye as
I went.
• Entering the fun house, Jeff saw a silly mirror.
Participle Reminders
• Participles act like adjectives when they answer
the question Which one? Or What kind? about the
nouns or pronouns they modify.
• If the word expresses the action of the sentence,
it is a verb; if it describes a noun or pronoun, then
it is a participle.
• Ex: She pitched the tent. *pitched is a verb
• Ex: The pitched tent was blown over. *pitched is a
participle.
Practice:
Write the participle down and label as past or present
• Smiling, Heather picked up the reward.
• The missing watch was recovered the next
day.
• Amused, the children watched the jugglers
perform.
• We stepped outside in the drizzling rain.
• The mended pants were left on the fence.
Practice:
write the whole participle phrase down
• The chicken, baked in a cream sauce, tasted
delicious.
• The puppy, wagging its tail, seemed friendly.
• I met my friend Linda shopping for shoes a the
mall.
• The man passing on the motorcycle was wearing a
helmet.
• Blowing the whistle, the lifeguard signaled the
swimmers.
Gerund
• a form of a verb that acts as a noun
• Can be used as different parts of a sentence:
subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a
preposition, predicate nominative, and appositive.
• Shopping is a great activity. (subject)
• Janice began riding horses at the ranch. (DO)
• Bob gets an allowance for cleaning his room. (OP)
Gerund phrase
• a gerund with modifiers or a complement, all
acting together as a noun.
• Running up the street is a good work out.
• Jed’s favorite pastime is playing the
harmonica.
• Cutting the grass is a weekly event in the
summer.
Practice: Write the gerund or gerund phrase and the
part of speech it is acting as.
• Stacey was tired of studying.
• Catching fireflies on a summer evening is a
child’s delight.
• Mr. and Ms. Smith enjoy woodworking and
sailing.
• Ellen mastered climbing trees in a short time.
• Listening is an important conversational skill.
Practice: Write a sentence for each gerund or
gerund phrase used as directed in parentheses.
• Swimming (direct object)
• Visiting my cousins (subject)
• Baking cookies (Predicate nominative)
• Telling the truth (object of preposition)
Infinitive
• a form of a verb that generally appears with the word
to and acts as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.
• Ex: My goal is to fly someday.
• Remember- an infinitive is made up of to plus a verb. A
prepositional phrase beginning with to, on the other
hand, is made up of to plus a noun or pronoun.
• Some infinitives do not include the word to. After the
verbs dare, hear, help, make, let, please, see, and
watch, the to in an infinitive is usually understood
rather than stated.
Infinitive phrase
• an infinitive with modifiers, a complement, or
a subject, all acting together as a single part of
speech.
• Ex: I think I would like to climb the mountain or
to swim in the lake.
Practice:
Is the underlined word a verb, participle or gerund?
• Sailing has always been her passion.
• They are winning the game tonight.
• Doris enjoys dancing in bare feet.
• Laughing, she described the mistake.
• A beginning player often has trouble.
• We are reading a novel next week.