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Notes – Bacteria Ch. 18.1 Pathology Is defined as the scientific study of the nature of ___________________ and its causes, processes, development, and ___________________. A ___________________ is a disease causing agent, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Bacteria: singular: ___________________ / plural: bacteria ▪Microscopic ___________________ ___________________ CELL NUCLEUS ▪Until recently, bacteria were placed into one Kingdom. As a result, sometimes bacteria are referred to as Monerans. Kingdom Eubacteria & Archaebacteria 1. Eubacteria (___________________ bacteria) – Tend to be ___________________ – Classified according to their mode of getting nutrients, mechanism of ___________________, and their ___________________ 2. Archaebacteria (___________________ Bacteria) – Tend to be ___________________ – Tend to live in ___________________ environments -sometimes they are called "Extremophiles" Acrharbacteria – _____________– Live in very _____ environments; Great Salt Lake – _____________ – live in high temperatures Ex: Thermoacidophiles – sulfur hot springs; hydrothermal vents – _____________ – cannot live in the presence of _______; sewage treatment plants, swamps, bogs Interaction with Oxygen ▪Obligate ___________________- require oxygen for respiration, _____________ oxygen to grow and survive ▪Obligate ___________________- must avoid oxygen, they will ___________________in its presence ▪Facultative Anaerobes - can use oxygen when it is available, but can also do ___________________it Metabolic ___________________- get energy by consuming organic molecules made by other organisms – Chemoheterotrophs- an organism that gets “nourishment from _____________and from using _____________” – Photoheterotrophs- an organism that gets “nourishment from ______________and from using _____________” ___________________- make their own food from inorganic molecules – Chemoautotrophs- an organism that gets “nourishment for ___________________using ___________________” – Photoautotrophs- an organism that gets “nourishment for __________using ________________” ▪Cocci - ___________________ ▪Bacilli - ___________________ ▪Spirilla - __________________ ▪Diplo – in _________________ ▪Staph - in ___________________ ▪Strep - in ___________________ Survive in hostile environments by ▪___________________ (slime layers) - help evade immune system and adhere to surfaces ▪pili - ___________________projections ▪endospores - bacteria become ___________________until conditions become favorable ▪flagella - one or more ___________________structures Gram Stain ▪Bacterial species with walls containing ___________________ amounts of peptidoglycan are Gram-___________________. ▪Bacteria with walls containing relatively ___________________amounts of peptidoglycan are Gram- ___________________. Reproduction – Binary fission - _______ cell splits into ________ cells, offspring are genetically ___________________to parent – Conjugation - a form of ___________________reproduction where bacteria exchange genetic information before dividing, offspring have ___________________genes genetically ___________________to parent Friendly Bacteria 1. _____________ – eat dead organisms 2. Help ________ food as well as _________ vitamins 3. Help ________ absorb nutrients thru the _________ 4. ________-________ bacteria: _______ take in a usable form of nitrogen for the plant 5. Food – Milk, Cheese, Yogurt 6. Clean oil spills (purify water) 7. ___________ – bacteria fighting bacteria Notes – Viruses Ch. 18.2 Virus = ________________ 1. ________________characteristics of viruses •They contain ________ _________ (DNA or RNA) ________ both!! 2. ________________characteristics of viruses •They are ________________, that is, they contain no cytoplasm or cellular organelles. •They carry out no metabolism on their own and must replicate using the _________ cell's metabolic machinery. •Viruses don't ________________ and divide. Instead, new viral components are synthesized and assembled within the infected host ________________. ***They are NOT alive*** Structure of a virus •A virus ________________, or virion, consists of the following: •Nucleic acid - Set of ________________instructions, either DNA or RNA, either single-stranded or doublestranded •Coat of ________________- Surrounds the DNA or RNA to protect it •Lipid ________________- Surrounds the protein ________________ (found only in some viruses, including influenza; these types of viruses are called enveloped viruses as opposed to naked viruses) ▪Viruses are specific to their ________________. They can only attack ________________cells (receptor sites) –Rabies, for instance, can be passed from ________________to human. HIV is a virus that seems specific to ________________. –Influenza is a virus that specifically attacks cells of the ________________ track (hence the coughing, sneezing, and sniffling). –HIV virus specifically attacks ________________ blood cells. (helper T cell) –White blood cells can engulf foreign pathogens by a process called _______________. Bacteriophage - ________________ that infect ________________ – Have a protein "tail" attached to the ________________ (protein coat that envelopes the genetic material), which is used to infect the host bacteria. – Virus’s ________________ reproduce on their own, and must infect a host cell in order to create more ________________. Replication ▪1. ________________ - surface proteins bind to host, and release ________________ material (RNA or DNA) into the cytoplasm ▪2. Replication - the viral genetic material is ________________ ▪3. Transcription - the genetic material is used as a blueprint, for the cell to make ________________ which is used to make viral proteins ▪4. Protein synthesis - occurs in the cytoplasm (ribosomes), viral ________________ are made ▪5. Viral ________________ - the viral genetic material (from replication) is surrounded by the newly made viral proteins ▪6. Release - viruses emerge from the cell by "________________ " from the cell membrane or ________________ out of the cell (this causes the cell's death) ▪________________ Pathway - the virus stays within the cell until certain environmental ________________ cause it to enter the lytic cycle ▪________________ Pathway - rapid replication of the virus, ending in cell ________________ (or death). More phages are released to infect other cells Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV) - causes AIDS •Retrovirus - ________________ inside a protein coat •HIV infects one particular type of immune system cell, called the ________________ cell in the body’s immune response. •HIV will slowly reduce the number of T-cells until the person develops ___________. People with AIDS contract other diseases that are rare in the rest of the population. Notes - Kingdom Protista Ch. 19 Contains the most _______________ organisms of all of the kingdoms Mostly unicellular Autotrophic/heterotrophic Cell walls sometimes present o Composed of cellulose _____________________ Because the Protist Kingdom tends to be a “dumping” ground for organisms that don’t quite fit anywhere else, the organisms in this kingdom tend to closely resemble organisms of the other kingdoms. This is why we group protists as being _____________________-like, ____________________-like, and _________________-like. Plant-like Protists Use ___________________ to make their food (photosynthetic) ___________________ Do not have roots, stems, leaves Unicellular Multicellular Major Phyla of Algae: Euglenoids _______________, unicellular and multicellular _______________ because can photosynthesize ________________ because without the presence of light can ingest food. __________________ Unicellular and photosynthetic Marine and freshwater Reproduce asexually and sexually Store food as oil rather than starch- gives fish an oily taste. Dinoflagellates Most are live in _________________ environments Thick cell walls Produce ______________ which are responsible for fish kills Cause what is known as “___________________” o These toxins can infect shellfish that feed on it so harvesting of these shellfish is usually banned during these months to prevent sickness. ___________________ Live in ________________ water where other seaweeds cannot survive because they have pigments that can absorb sunlight at depths greater than 100 m. Brown Algae _________________ near surface where light is available Form thick, underwater forests that provide a rich underwater ecosystem. ___________________ Most diverse. Most are in ________________ water. Asexual and sexual reproduction. ____________________ or __________________. Animal-like Protists Unicellular heterotrophs __________________ o Grouped according to how they _________. Four main groups of protozoans: 1. Amoebas (also known as Sarcodines) Form pseudopodia to engulf food particles (endocytosis) as well as for movement. o Pseudopodia: ________________________________________________ “__________” Reproduce through asexual reproduction 2. Flagellates Move through use of flagella o Flagella: _____________________________________________________________ ___ Some act as parasites while some are beneficial 3. Ciliates Use cilia for movement o Cilia: ___________________________________________________________________ Diverse aquatic habitats 4. Sporozoans Produce _________________ which is a reproductive cell that forms without fertilization and produced a new organism. Internal parasites (ex. Animal blood or intestines) Animal-like Protists and Disease Many protists are disease-causing parasites. Most commonly they cause _______________ and African sleeping sickness. Sporozoans and Malaria: ___________________ carry the spores of Plasmodium and infect humans as they bite them. The sporozites reproduce asexually in human’s ______________, forming spore-like cells that enter the red blood supply and reproduce rapidly. Fungus-like Protists Examples include: Slime-mold Can ___________________ dead organisms Could __________________ at one point in their life. Notes- Kingdom Fungi Ch. 20 Mushrooms, mold, __________________ Eukaryotic ______________________________ “Great ____________________________” Few unicellular fungi (yeast) Mostly multicellular Fungus Structure __________________: the primary structural unit of fungi. ___________________: A thick mat of hyphae The part you see of a mushroom is the only ___________________________ structure. ___________________ form and are released from the gills under the mushroom cap which is how a mushroom reproduces. Adaptations in Fungus Negatives spoiled food, diseases, poisonous mushrooms Plant Diseases Fungi can cause diseases such as __________ smut which destroys corn kernels. Also can cause wheat rust which affects wheat fields. Human Diseases Athletes foot o A ______________ infection common on feet Candida o A yeast overgrowth common in the mouth and on the skin Ringworm o A ______________ infection common on skin Animal Disease Cordyceps o A fungus that attacks certain species of grasshopper and other insects in the rain forests of Costa Rica Positives Decompose large quantities of Earth’s _________________- without fungi there would be large quantities of waste sitting around. Break down complex organic substances into raw materials which living organisms need Lichen A symbiotic relationship between a ______________ and a photosynthetic plant such as algae. o A _________________ relationship is when two organisms live in close association with each other. o In a lichen, the fungus provides _____________ for the plant to photosynthesize and the plant provides _________________ for the fungus to survive. Mycorrhizae A mutualistic relationship between a fungus and ___________ of plants. o A _________________ relationship is a type of symbiosis where two organisms benefit from a close relationship. o In mycorrhizae, the roots provide ________________ for the fungus and fungus provides ______________ for the roots.