Download Bacteria Virus Protist Fungi Note Sheet

Notes – Bacteria Ch. 18.1
Pathology
Is defined as the scientific study of the nature of ___________________ and its causes, processes, development,
and ___________________.
A ___________________ is a disease causing agent, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
Bacteria: singular: ___________________ / plural: bacteria
▪Microscopic ___________________
___________________ CELL NUCLEUS
▪Until recently, bacteria were placed into one Kingdom. As a result, sometimes bacteria are referred to as
Monerans.
Kingdom Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
1. Eubacteria (___________________ bacteria)
– Tend to be ___________________
– Classified according to their mode of getting nutrients, mechanism of ___________________,
and their ___________________
2. Archaebacteria (___________________ Bacteria)
– Tend to be ___________________
– Tend to live in ___________________ environments -sometimes they are called "Extremophiles"
Acrharbacteria
– _____________– Live in very _____ environments; Great Salt Lake
– _____________ – live in high temperatures
Ex: Thermoacidophiles – sulfur hot springs; hydrothermal vents
– _____________ – cannot live in the presence of _______; sewage treatment plants, swamps, bogs
Interaction with Oxygen
▪Obligate ___________________- require oxygen for respiration, _____________ oxygen to grow and survive
▪Obligate ___________________- must avoid oxygen, they will ___________________in its presence
▪Facultative Anaerobes - can use oxygen when it is available, but can also do ___________________it
Metabolic
___________________- get energy by consuming organic molecules made by other organisms
– Chemoheterotrophs- an organism that gets “nourishment from _____________and from using
_____________”
– Photoheterotrophs- an organism that gets “nourishment from ______________and from using
_____________”
___________________- make their own food from inorganic molecules
– Chemoautotrophs- an organism that gets “nourishment for ___________________using
___________________”
– Photoautotrophs- an organism that gets “nourishment for __________using ________________”
▪Cocci - ___________________
▪Bacilli - ___________________
▪Spirilla - __________________
▪Diplo – in _________________
▪Staph - in ___________________
▪Strep - in ___________________
Survive in hostile environments by
▪___________________ (slime layers) - help
evade immune system and adhere to surfaces
▪pili - ___________________projections
▪endospores - bacteria become
___________________until conditions become
favorable
▪flagella - one or more
___________________structures
Gram Stain
▪Bacterial species with walls containing
___________________ amounts of peptidoglycan are
Gram-___________________.
▪Bacteria with walls containing relatively
___________________amounts of peptidoglycan are
Gram- ___________________.
Reproduction
– Binary fission - _______ cell splits into ________ cells, offspring are genetically
___________________to parent
– Conjugation - a form of ___________________reproduction where bacteria
exchange genetic information before dividing, offspring have
___________________genes genetically ___________________to parent
Friendly Bacteria
1. _____________ – eat dead organisms
2. Help ________ food as well as _________ vitamins
3. Help ________ absorb nutrients thru the _________
4. ________-________ bacteria: _______ take in a usable form of nitrogen for the plant
5. Food – Milk, Cheese, Yogurt
6. Clean oil spills (purify water)
7. ___________ – bacteria fighting bacteria
Notes – Viruses Ch. 18.2
Virus = ________________
1. ________________characteristics of viruses
•They contain ________ _________ (DNA or RNA) ________ both!!
2. ________________characteristics of viruses
•They are ________________, that is, they contain no cytoplasm or cellular organelles.
•They carry out no metabolism on their own and must replicate using the _________ cell's metabolic
machinery.
•Viruses don't ________________ and divide. Instead, new viral components are synthesized and assembled
within the infected host ________________.
***They are NOT alive***
Structure of a virus
•A virus ________________, or virion, consists of the following:
•Nucleic acid - Set of ________________instructions, either DNA or RNA, either single-stranded or doublestranded
•Coat of ________________- Surrounds the DNA or RNA to protect it
•Lipid ________________- Surrounds the protein ________________ (found only in some viruses, including
influenza; these types of viruses are called enveloped viruses as opposed to naked viruses)
▪Viruses are specific to their ________________.
They can only attack ________________cells (receptor sites)
–Rabies, for instance, can be passed from ________________to human. HIV is a virus that seems specific to
________________.
–Influenza is a virus that specifically attacks cells of the ________________ track (hence the coughing,
sneezing, and sniffling).
–HIV virus specifically attacks ________________ blood cells. (helper T cell)
–White blood cells can engulf foreign pathogens by a process called
_______________.
Bacteriophage - ________________ that infect ________________
– Have a protein "tail" attached to the ________________ (protein coat that
envelopes the genetic material), which is used to infect the host bacteria.
– Virus’s ________________ reproduce on their own, and must infect a host cell
in order to create more ________________.
Replication
▪1. ________________ - surface proteins bind to
host, and release ________________ material
(RNA or DNA) into the cytoplasm
▪2. Replication - the viral genetic material is
________________
▪3. Transcription - the genetic material is used as
a blueprint, for the cell to make
________________ which is used to make viral
proteins
▪4. Protein synthesis - occurs in the cytoplasm
(ribosomes), viral ________________ are made
▪5. Viral ________________ - the viral genetic
material (from replication) is surrounded by the
newly made viral proteins
▪6. Release - viruses emerge from the cell by
"________________ " from the cell membrane or
________________ out of the cell (this causes the
cell's death)
▪________________ Pathway - the virus stays
within the cell until certain environmental
________________ cause it to enter the lytic
cycle
▪________________ Pathway - rapid replication of the virus, ending in cell ________________ (or death).
More phages are released to infect other cells
Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV) - causes AIDS
•Retrovirus - ________________ inside a protein coat
•HIV
infects one particular type of immune system cell, called the
________________ cell in the body’s immune response.
•HIV
will slowly reduce the number of T-cells until the person develops
___________. People with AIDS contract other diseases that are rare in the rest of the population.
Notes - Kingdom Protista Ch. 19

Contains the most _______________ organisms of all of the kingdoms

Mostly unicellular

Autotrophic/heterotrophic

Cell walls sometimes present
o Composed of cellulose

_____________________

Because the Protist Kingdom tends to be a “dumping” ground for organisms that don’t quite fit
anywhere else, the organisms in this kingdom tend to closely resemble organisms of the other kingdoms.

This is why we group protists as being _____________________-like, ____________________-like,
and _________________-like.
Plant-like Protists

Use ___________________ to make their food (photosynthetic)
___________________

Do not have roots, stems, leaves

Unicellular

Multicellular
Major Phyla of Algae:
Euglenoids

_______________, unicellular and multicellular

_______________ because can photosynthesize

________________ because without the presence of light can
ingest food.
__________________

Unicellular and photosynthetic

Marine and freshwater

Reproduce asexually and sexually

Store food as oil rather than starch- gives fish an oily taste.
Dinoflagellates

Most are live in _________________ environments

Thick cell walls

Produce ______________ which are responsible for fish kills

Cause what is known as “___________________”
o These toxins can infect shellfish that feed on it so harvesting of these shellfish is usually banned
during these months to prevent sickness.
___________________

Live in ________________ water where other seaweeds cannot survive because they have pigments that
can absorb sunlight at depths greater than 100 m.
Brown Algae

_________________ near surface where light is available

Form thick, underwater forests that provide a rich underwater ecosystem.
___________________

Most diverse.

Most are in ________________ water.

Asexual and sexual reproduction.

____________________ or __________________.
Animal-like Protists

Unicellular heterotrophs

__________________
o Grouped according to how they _________.
Four main groups of protozoans:
1. Amoebas (also known as Sarcodines)

Form pseudopodia to engulf food particles (endocytosis) as well as for movement.
o Pseudopodia: ________________________________________________
“__________”

Reproduce through asexual reproduction
2. Flagellates

Move through use of flagella
o Flagella:
_____________________________________________________________
___

Some act as parasites while some are beneficial
3. Ciliates

Use cilia for movement
o Cilia:
___________________________________________________________________

Diverse aquatic habitats
4. Sporozoans

Produce _________________ which is a reproductive cell that forms without fertilization and produced
a new organism.

Internal parasites (ex. Animal blood or intestines)
Animal-like Protists and Disease

Many protists are disease-causing parasites. Most commonly they cause _______________ and African
sleeping sickness.

Sporozoans and Malaria: ___________________ carry the spores of Plasmodium and infect humans as
they bite them. The sporozites reproduce asexually in human’s ______________, forming spore-like
cells that enter the red blood supply and reproduce rapidly.
Fungus-like Protists

Examples include: Slime-mold

Can ___________________ dead organisms

Could __________________ at one point in their life.
Notes- Kingdom Fungi Ch. 20

Mushrooms, mold, __________________

Eukaryotic

______________________________

“Great ____________________________”

Few unicellular fungi (yeast)

Mostly multicellular
Fungus Structure

__________________: the primary structural unit of fungi.

___________________: A thick mat of hyphae

The part you see of a mushroom is the only
___________________________ structure.

___________________ form and are released from the gills under the mushroom cap which is how a
mushroom reproduces.
Adaptations in Fungus
Negatives

spoiled food, diseases, poisonous mushrooms
Plant Diseases

Fungi can cause diseases such as __________ smut which destroys corn kernels. Also can cause wheat
rust which affects wheat fields.
Human Diseases

Athletes foot
o A ______________ infection common on feet

Candida
o A yeast overgrowth common in the mouth and on the skin

Ringworm
o A ______________ infection common on skin
Animal Disease

Cordyceps
o A fungus that attacks certain species of grasshopper and other insects in
the rain forests of Costa Rica
Positives

Decompose large quantities of Earth’s _________________- without fungi there would be large
quantities of waste sitting around.

Break down complex organic substances into raw materials which living organisms need
Lichen

A symbiotic relationship between a ______________ and a photosynthetic plant such as algae.
o A _________________ relationship is when two organisms live in close association with each
other.
o In a lichen, the fungus provides _____________ for the plant to photosynthesize and the plant
provides _________________ for the fungus to survive.
Mycorrhizae

A mutualistic relationship between a fungus and ___________ of plants.
o A _________________ relationship is a type of symbiosis where two organisms benefit from a
close relationship.
o In mycorrhizae, the roots provide ________________ for the fungus and fungus provides
______________ for the roots.