Download Communication Process:

Communication
Process:
• Why is it important to study communication?
• Communication models (progression)
• Principles & Misconceptions of Communication
• Communication Contexts
Why do we communicate?
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To fulfill practical needs
(to give or get information)
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To fulfill physical needs
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To fulfill identity needs
Communication
We take it for granted
 AND we don’t do it very well.
We’ve been “communicating” for years
Communication has an inherent
tendency to deteriorate
Why do we have problems
?
Language misinterpretation
 Words pronounced the same but have
different meanings
 Language is not gender-free
 Lack of words for situations
 We don’t speak the way we write or think
Communication Models
What is a model?
Who
 Says What
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Using Which Channel
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To Whom
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With What Effect
Howard Lasswell, 1948
Simple Model
1960
David Berlo’s SMCR Model
Message
Channel
Sender
Receiver
Not in the Berlo Model
Message
Channel
Sender
Receiver
Tweaking the Model
Noise
Context
b
eehaves
ncodes
Source
decodes
Communicator/
Participant
 Physical (external)
 Physiological (internal)
 Psychological (internal)
 Semantic (internal)
Channel
decodes
Receiver
behaves
Communicator/
Participant
Context
Psychological
 Relational
 Environmental
 Situational
 Cultural
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Types of Messages
Intentional verbal messages
Unintentional verbal messages
Intentional nonverbal messages
Unintentional nonverbal messages
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verbal
nonverbal
intentional
unintentional
Model progression
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Linear = 1-way communication
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Interactive = 2-way communication
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ACTION
Communication as Action / Message Transfer
Source encodes a message to send through a channel
where it is decoded by a receiver (affected by noise)
NO FEEDBACK!
Message Exchange
Included feedback, changed “encode” to
behave, added noise, multiple channels,
consideration of context
EXCHANGE
EXCHANGE
Transactional = simultaneous communication
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Message Creation
Viewed as most realistic
CREATE
Revised Definition:
Communication
A continuous, transactional
process involving participants
operating within specific contexts
where they create a relationship
by simultaneously sending and
receiving messages via
channels, many of which are
distorted by noise.
Principles of
Communication
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Communication can be intentional or
unintentional
It is impossible not to communicate
(you cannot not communicate)
Communication is irreversible
Communication is unrepeatable
Communication is contextual
Misconceptions of
Communication
Meanings are in words
More communication is better
 Communication will solve all
problems
 Communication is simple
 (Effective) Communication is a
natural ability
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(maybe… consider
Communibiological approach)
Where we are heading…
Communication
Contexts
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Interpersonal/dyadic
Family Communication
Small Group Communication
Public Communication
Mass Communication (Media)
Organizational Communication
Health Communication
Intercultural Communication
Interviewing
Duck & McMahon discuss
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Instructional
communication
Communication theory
Cultural Communication
Family Communication
Group Communication
Interpersonal
Communication
Media
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Health
Communication
Organizational
Communication
Persuasion
Political
Communication
Public Relations
Rhetorical Criticism
Effective Communication
occurs when . . .
as it was initiated & intended
the Stimulus by the Sender
corresponds to
the Stimulus
1
R=
S
as it is perceived &
responded to by the Receiver
5 Outcomes of Communication
Understanding (isomorphism)
 Pleasure
 Attitude Influence
 Improved Relationships
 Action
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1
R =
S