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THE PROCESS OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION
Communication
for people.
has too many different meanings
“ the sharing of experience”
“ a process of creating a meaning between two or more
people”
All communication is
Dynamic, because the process is constantly changing.
Continuous, because it never stops.
Irreversible, once we send a message we cannot undo it. 
Interactive, we are constantly in contact with other people
and with ourselves, others react to our speeches and actions.
Contextual because we, the communicators, adopt ourselves
to the setting, the people who are present and the purpose of the
communication.
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN HUMAN COMM
Encode: putting the ideas into message form.
Channel: through what we deliver and receive our message- this can be
directly our primary signal system ..
-Primary Signal System: our senses (seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, touching)or
-media channels (then our primary signal system)
Decode: translating the message we receive.
I) COMMUNICATOR 1: SENDER/RECEIVER
What characteristics of this person would be important in the
communication process?
- culture - communication skills - physical state - emotional state –
experiences – attitudes - memory – expectations.
What makes the Communicator I distinct from any other?
All that s/he knows and experiences comes initially through the senses, these raw
data input: all the stimuli, both past and present gives us our information
about the world.
a) MESSAGES:
Messages can be verbal or nonverbal, and they may
be intentional or unintentional. Thus there are 4 types of messages:
1- intentional verbal
3- intentional nonverbal
2- unintentional verbal
3- unintentional nonverbal
VERBAL MESSAGES: any type of spoken communication that uses one
or more words.
intentional verbal messages: consciousattempts we make to communicate
with others through speech.
unintentional verbal messages: the things we say without meaning to.
NONVERBAL MESSAGES: all the messages we transmit without words
or over and above words we use. “all the nonverbal aspects of our
bevavior: facial expression, posture, tone of voice, hand movements,
manner of dress, so on.”
intentional nonverbal messages: the nonverbal messages we want to
transmit. Sometimes the verbal message may be positive, but the tone and
the facial expression indicate that we mean something negative.
unintentional nonverbal messages: much of this behavior is nonverbal.
“all of those nonverbal aspects of our behavior transmitted without our
control.” “body language”
b)
CHANNELS
talking on a cell phone  channel : the air waves via phone
towers.
Face to face communication  channel : the sensory organs
(mainly three of them: hearing, sight, touch)
Organizational communication  channel : e-mail messsages,
newsletters, bulletin boards, printed memoranda, annual reports,
so on.
In mass communication  newspapers, films, radio and
television.
c)
INTERFERENCE
Or NOISE: anything that distorts the information transmitted to
the receiver or distracts him or her from receiving it.
There are many kinds of noise, not only sound. Some of these are
o Environmental (overheated classroom)
o Technical
o Physiological-Impairment (noise in your head)
o Cultural
o Semantic (receiver does not attribute the same
meaning with to the signal that the sender does) (sense
of humor)
o Pyschological
Some interference will always be present in human
communication.
II) COMMUNICATOR 2 : RECEIVER/ SENDER
Visual perception is an essential aspect of message reception.
Listening is also a critical aspect.
When Communicator 2 listens, four different , yet interrelated processes
will be involved: attention, hearing, understanding and remembering.
What characteristics of this person would be important in the
communication process?
- culture - communication skills - physical state - emotional state –
experiences – attitudes - memory – expectations.
What makes the Communicator 2 distinct from any other?
III) FEEDBACK
Return to you of behavior you have generated.
Feedback reinforces some behaviors and extinguishes some others.
“communicators who recognize their interdependence also recognize the
communication problems are the result of mutual contribution”
one person can’t be entirely clean and the other entirely dirty.
IV) TIME
Once Communicator 2 responds to Communicator 1, their interaction can be
represented by a circle. As their exchange will progress in time, the
relationship between them is more accurately described by several circles.
Thus, time itself becomes the final element in this model.
COMMUNICATION CONTEXTS
1. Interpersonal communication
2. Intercultural communication
3. Interviewing
4. Small group communication
5. Public communication
6. Organizational communication
7. Mass communication
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
: refers to communication that takes place between 2 or more persons who
establish a communicative relationship. Forms of interpersonal comm include
* face to face or * mediated conversations, interviews and small group
discussions.
Most important defining element in interpersonal comm is the level of closeness
or intimacy between the parties.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Culture is a way of life developed and shared by a group of people and passed
down from generation to generation.
Communication between members of different cultures (whether defined in
terms of racial, ethnic or socioeconomicdifferences, or a combination of these
differences)
This dimension cuts across all other communication contexts. Thus we will
discuss intercultural communication not only in that chapter, but almost in all
chapters.
INTERVIEWING
 Communication transaction that emphasizes questions and answers.
Interviewing is often targeted toward accomplishing a specific purpose.
 Specific techniques have been developed thatcan be used to accomplish the
interviewer’s purpose.
SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION
 The process by which three or more members of a group exchange verbal and
nonverbal messages in an attempt to influence one another.
 Occurs in social situations, in organizations, therapeutic settings,.
 Group dynamics is a well-researched field of study and tend to focus on
small groups that engage in problem solving and decision making.
 Small group communication tends to focus on the ways to improve the work
that can be accomplished in groups.
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
“Public speaking”.  it occurs in public rather than private places (not in
classrooms, ballrooms and so on”  public communication is relatively formal,
structured communications.
 public communication usually requires that the speaker do more preparation,
expectmore formalized setting than two-person or small group comm.
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION
 the flow of messages within a network of interdependent relationships
(not only businesses but also hospitals, government agencies, military
organizations and academic institutions)
 the old hierarchy is ending. Your company’s future depends upon leadership,
trust and participation.
MASS COMMUNICATION
 Communication that is mediated.
 The source of the message communicates through some print or electronic
medium.
 The message is intended for masses of individuals rather than only a small
number of individuals.
 Mass communication is the most formal and the most expensive.
 The opportunities for feedback are more limited.
 the communication experience is characterized as public, rapid and fleeting.
WHAT IS EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION?
Communication is effective when the stimulus as it was
initiated and intended by the source (sender) corresponds
closely to the stimulus as it is perceived and responded by the
receiver.
R/S = receiver’s meaning/sender’s meaning = 1
1  perfect sharing of meaning (never reached)
the greater the correspondence between our intention and the
response we receive, the more effective we have been in
communicating.
Effectiveness in communication is one of the most important
skills in achieving a successful, fulfiling life.
HOW DO WE MEASURE EFFECTIVENESS IN COMM?
We cannot judge the effectiveness if our aim in
communicating is not clear so;
“when a person gets her/his point across”
is one measure of
effectiveness but is inadequate .
In communicating we may try to bring about one or more
several possible outcomes. Five of these are:
*Understanding
*Pleasure
*Attitude influnce
*Improved relationships
*Action