Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
THE PROCESS OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION Communication for people. has too many different meanings “ the sharing of experience” “ a process of creating a meaning between two or more people” All communication is Dynamic, because the process is constantly changing. Continuous, because it never stops. Irreversible, once we send a message we cannot undo it. Interactive, we are constantly in contact with other people and with ourselves, others react to our speeches and actions. Contextual because we, the communicators, adopt ourselves to the setting, the people who are present and the purpose of the communication. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN HUMAN COMM Encode: putting the ideas into message form. Channel: through what we deliver and receive our message- this can be directly our primary signal system .. -Primary Signal System: our senses (seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, touching)or -media channels (then our primary signal system) Decode: translating the message we receive. I) COMMUNICATOR 1: SENDER/RECEIVER What characteristics of this person would be important in the communication process? - culture - communication skills - physical state - emotional state – experiences – attitudes - memory – expectations. What makes the Communicator I distinct from any other? All that s/he knows and experiences comes initially through the senses, these raw data input: all the stimuli, both past and present gives us our information about the world. a) MESSAGES: Messages can be verbal or nonverbal, and they may be intentional or unintentional. Thus there are 4 types of messages: 1- intentional verbal 3- intentional nonverbal 2- unintentional verbal 3- unintentional nonverbal VERBAL MESSAGES: any type of spoken communication that uses one or more words. intentional verbal messages: consciousattempts we make to communicate with others through speech. unintentional verbal messages: the things we say without meaning to. NONVERBAL MESSAGES: all the messages we transmit without words or over and above words we use. “all the nonverbal aspects of our bevavior: facial expression, posture, tone of voice, hand movements, manner of dress, so on.” intentional nonverbal messages: the nonverbal messages we want to transmit. Sometimes the verbal message may be positive, but the tone and the facial expression indicate that we mean something negative. unintentional nonverbal messages: much of this behavior is nonverbal. “all of those nonverbal aspects of our behavior transmitted without our control.” “body language” b) CHANNELS talking on a cell phone channel : the air waves via phone towers. Face to face communication channel : the sensory organs (mainly three of them: hearing, sight, touch) Organizational communication channel : e-mail messsages, newsletters, bulletin boards, printed memoranda, annual reports, so on. In mass communication newspapers, films, radio and television. c) INTERFERENCE Or NOISE: anything that distorts the information transmitted to the receiver or distracts him or her from receiving it. There are many kinds of noise, not only sound. Some of these are o Environmental (overheated classroom) o Technical o Physiological-Impairment (noise in your head) o Cultural o Semantic (receiver does not attribute the same meaning with to the signal that the sender does) (sense of humor) o Pyschological Some interference will always be present in human communication. II) COMMUNICATOR 2 : RECEIVER/ SENDER Visual perception is an essential aspect of message reception. Listening is also a critical aspect. When Communicator 2 listens, four different , yet interrelated processes will be involved: attention, hearing, understanding and remembering. What characteristics of this person would be important in the communication process? - culture - communication skills - physical state - emotional state – experiences – attitudes - memory – expectations. What makes the Communicator 2 distinct from any other? III) FEEDBACK Return to you of behavior you have generated. Feedback reinforces some behaviors and extinguishes some others. “communicators who recognize their interdependence also recognize the communication problems are the result of mutual contribution” one person can’t be entirely clean and the other entirely dirty. IV) TIME Once Communicator 2 responds to Communicator 1, their interaction can be represented by a circle. As their exchange will progress in time, the relationship between them is more accurately described by several circles. Thus, time itself becomes the final element in this model. COMMUNICATION CONTEXTS 1. Interpersonal communication 2. Intercultural communication 3. Interviewing 4. Small group communication 5. Public communication 6. Organizational communication 7. Mass communication INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION : refers to communication that takes place between 2 or more persons who establish a communicative relationship. Forms of interpersonal comm include * face to face or * mediated conversations, interviews and small group discussions. Most important defining element in interpersonal comm is the level of closeness or intimacy between the parties. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION Culture is a way of life developed and shared by a group of people and passed down from generation to generation. Communication between members of different cultures (whether defined in terms of racial, ethnic or socioeconomicdifferences, or a combination of these differences) This dimension cuts across all other communication contexts. Thus we will discuss intercultural communication not only in that chapter, but almost in all chapters. INTERVIEWING Communication transaction that emphasizes questions and answers. Interviewing is often targeted toward accomplishing a specific purpose. Specific techniques have been developed thatcan be used to accomplish the interviewer’s purpose. SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION The process by which three or more members of a group exchange verbal and nonverbal messages in an attempt to influence one another. Occurs in social situations, in organizations, therapeutic settings,. Group dynamics is a well-researched field of study and tend to focus on small groups that engage in problem solving and decision making. Small group communication tends to focus on the ways to improve the work that can be accomplished in groups. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION “Public speaking”. it occurs in public rather than private places (not in classrooms, ballrooms and so on” public communication is relatively formal, structured communications. public communication usually requires that the speaker do more preparation, expectmore formalized setting than two-person or small group comm. ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION the flow of messages within a network of interdependent relationships (not only businesses but also hospitals, government agencies, military organizations and academic institutions) the old hierarchy is ending. Your company’s future depends upon leadership, trust and participation. MASS COMMUNICATION Communication that is mediated. The source of the message communicates through some print or electronic medium. The message is intended for masses of individuals rather than only a small number of individuals. Mass communication is the most formal and the most expensive. The opportunities for feedback are more limited. the communication experience is characterized as public, rapid and fleeting. WHAT IS EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION? Communication is effective when the stimulus as it was initiated and intended by the source (sender) corresponds closely to the stimulus as it is perceived and responded by the receiver. R/S = receiver’s meaning/sender’s meaning = 1 1 perfect sharing of meaning (never reached) the greater the correspondence between our intention and the response we receive, the more effective we have been in communicating. Effectiveness in communication is one of the most important skills in achieving a successful, fulfiling life. HOW DO WE MEASURE EFFECTIVENESS IN COMM? We cannot judge the effectiveness if our aim in communicating is not clear so; “when a person gets her/his point across” is one measure of effectiveness but is inadequate . In communicating we may try to bring about one or more several possible outcomes. Five of these are: *Understanding *Pleasure *Attitude influnce *Improved relationships *Action