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SOIL :
Soil is a natural body
consisting of many layers. These
layers are known as soil horizon. It is
composed of rocks broken by
weathering and erosion. It is a mixture
of mineral and organic constituents
i.e., solids, water and air. Soil forms a
structure filled with pore spaces.
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SOIL PROFILE
Soil Profile refers to the layers of soil. There are
three layers namely horizon A ,B and C.
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Horizon-A
Horizon-B
Horizon-C
Bedrock
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Horizon-A
Bedrock
SOIL
PROFILE
Horizon-B
Horizon-C
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HORIZON A:
• It is the upper layer of the soil, which is nearer to
the surface. It is the top soil.
• This layer includes organic litter such as fallen
leaves and twigs which helps in preventing
erosion, holding moisture and in decaying to form
a rich soil know as HUMUS.
• It provides nutrients for the survival of plants.
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HORIZON B
• The layer below the topsoil is called Bhorizon or the middle layer.
• The middle layer is less porous than the
topsoil, and is, therefore, harder.
• It contains more minerals as compared to
the topsoil, but less quantity of humus.
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Horizon-C
• It is not as compact as the two
layers above it. This layer is called
C-horizon.
• It has cracks running through it.
• It is mostly made up of rocks.
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Bedrock
– The bottom-most layer in the soil profile is
called bedrock.
– This is far more solid in composition than
the other layers and is very hard.
– It is difficult to dig up this layer even with
a spade.
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THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF
SOILS.THEY ARE:



SANDY SOIL
CLAY SOIL
LOAMY SOIL
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Special properties
Type of
soil
Vegetation
types
Sandy soil
Water
absorption
level
High
Clay soil
Moderate
Wheat and
gram
Loamy soil
Low
Pulses,
wheat and
gram
Cotton
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Loamy soil also contains humus,
and is, therefore, considered the
best for the growth of plants.
The percolation rate is between
that of sandy soil and clay soil.
these soils have better water
retention capacity.
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Soils rich in clay and organic
matter with good water retention
capacity are ideal for paddy.
Loamy soils, which drain water
easily, are suitable for lentils and
other pulses.
Clay soils are rich in humus and
fertile. These soils are very good
for wheat.
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