Download First Crusade

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Turks (Muslims)
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Gained control of Palestine
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Threatened
Constantinople – or
present day Istanbul
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Pope Urban II asked feudal
lords to win back the holy
land
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Symbol was a red cross
http://www.operationworld.org/pale
www.catholica.com.au
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Money (younger sons that
were not in line to inherit
anything).
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Religion
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Those who died in the
Crusades were guaranteed
a spot in Heaven.
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Adventure
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Crusaders capture
Jerusalem and Edessa
from the Muslim Turks,
after a month of siege
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Crusader States: Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch,
and Tripoli
Edessa fell to Muslims in 1144, shocking
Europe
Second Crusade led by King Louis VII (France)
and King Conrad III (Germany)
Turks and Saladin take back all land captured
by European Christian Crusaders during First
Crusade.
Bickering
between these
2 causes
Phillip to
return home.
Drowns while
traveling
southward
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Could not recapture Holy Land,
but does allow for Christian
pilgrims to visit.
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Initially led by the 3 most powerful
monarchs in Europe:
 Philip II of France
 Richard the Lion-Hearted from
England
 Frederick I of Germany
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Starts with the idea to… regain
control of the Holy Land
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Instead decide there is more to
gain by looting Constantinople
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Any crusades after the Fourth is
more about money and less
about the spread of religion.
http://vnmoney.nld
.com.vn/vnmoney
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Reconquista – long effort of Spanish Christians
to push Muslims called Moors out of Spain.
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Inquisition – courts under the church meant to
suppress heresy
 Heresy – disagreements with church’s beliefs/ policies
 People accused were detained for weeks and
sometimes tortured
 Sometimes they were simply killed via being burned
at the stake… yikes!
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All accept first Crusade failed to retake the Holy Land
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Muslims controlled Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land
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Left a long lasting bitterness between Christians and Muslims
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Europe started using warfare technology like crossbows, catapults, and
gunpowder.
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Kings grew strong and Feudalism began to end
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Christian church became more powerful
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Women gained independence due to men being away on long Crusades
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Failures of latter crusades weaken the Church’s influence
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New methods increased food supply
 Horsepower
 Three-field system
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Increase in food supply = well-fed people
Well-fed people are better able to resist
disease and live longer
As a result, European population grew
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Villages had a weekly markets… and market
places
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Fairs were special times for people to buy
goods
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/41
9/429222/thumbs/ch09_161.html
Constantinople, or Byzantine, or Istanbul
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Domestic System - also called Putting-out
System, production system widespread in
17th-century western Europe in which
merchant-employers “put out” materials to
rural producers who usually worked in their
homes but sometimes labored in workshops
or in turn put out work to others. Finished
products were returned to the employers for
payment on a piecework or wage basis.
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First bankers were money changers
 Those that converted Eastern money with
European and Egyptian money.
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Relaxed rules on usury
Church enters banking business
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Capital – initial investment (cash into a
project) you expect to make money off of.
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Partnership – way to limit the liability of
going into business, due to sharing ownership
with a partner.
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Medieval market etc. formed the basis for our
modern capitalist system
 Make money where you can and how you can.
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Guild – an organization of individuals in the
same business or occupation i.e. Blacksmiths
 Merchant Guilds – merchants banned together to
control the number of goods being traded as well
as to keep prices up.
 Craft Guilds – set the standards for each craft
such as the size of a loaf of bread, also set up
training programs for new entrants.
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Guild Master – perfected a particular craft or trade through years of
experience.
 Stage 1: Apprentice
▪
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Parents paid for training
Lived with master and his family
Trained for 2-7 years
Not allowed to marry during this time
 Stage 2: Journeyman
▪ Worked with master to earn a salary
▪ Worked 6 days a week
▪ Needed to produce a masterpiece to become a master
 Stage 3: Master
▪ Owned their own shop
▪ Worked with other masters to protect the trade
▪ Often served in government
This expansion of trade and business in the
medieval period is known as the
Commercial Revolution
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Four Basic Rights of Townspeople
 Freedom – ability to come and go from town to town
as they please
 Exemption – exempt themselves from certain taxes
that kings levied.
 Town Justice – right to govern towns
 Commercial Privileges – right to trade within their
towns without restriction or tax
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Towns offered economic and social
opportunities for serfs.
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Located – in rural areas outside of big cities
and the manors of the Feudal era.
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Several Stories High
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Each story extends beyond the one below
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Buildings almost touched in the middle of the
streets
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Streets were dark
http://rhysgriffiths.deviantart.com/
art/Medieval-Town-406477399
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New interest in learning after the Crusades
Muslim Influence
 Spanish Libraries- Jewish scholars could translate
Arabic versions to Latin
 Crusaders brought back Muslim technology in
ships, navigation, weaponry
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Universities
 People, not buildings, made up the medieval
university
 New ideas and forms of expression- vernacular
Scholastics- used their
knowledge of Aristotle
to debate many issues
of their time
 Teachings on law and
government influenced
the thinking of western
Europeans- especially
the English and French
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Early Invasions- Back to the Vikings
Alfred the Great- Anglo-Saxon king, turns
back the Vikings
He and his Successors united the kingdom
under one rule- England- “Land of the
Angles”
Edward the Confessor died without an heir…
struggle erupted.. One last invasion
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William the Conqueror- claimed the English
crown and invaded with a Norman army
Harold Godwinson- Anglo-Saxon who
claimed the throne
Battle of Hastings
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Juries and Common Law (Henry II)
Magna Carta
Parliament
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Capetian Dynasty
 Hugh Capet
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Ruled a small territory, but Paris was in the
center
First few kings were weak- but their territory
included important trade routes
Growth of royal power will eventually unite
France
Set out to weaken the
power of the English
kings in France
 Tripled the lands under
his control
 The French king was
now more powerful
than any of his vassals
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First Estate- Church Leaders
Second Estate- Great Lords
Third Estate- Commoners, wealthy
landholders, merchants
Estates General- meeting of them all
Helped to increase royal power against
nobility (like Parliament)
Never became an independent force that
limited the king’s power (unlike Parliament)
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High crime rate, as merchants set goods out for
sale people stole them. No one to enforce laws
against theft etc.
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Black Death – also known as the Bubonic Plague,
wipes out 1/3 of Europe’s population, also effects
Asia, Africa, and Americas
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Came from Asia
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Spread by Genoese merchant ships and traders on
old Crusading trading routes.
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Carried by black rats that were infested with fleas
that spread this catastrophic blight
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Effect on wages – caused peasants to demand
higher wages due to hazard of being in filthy areas
where rats and plague carrying fleas might be.
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Filthy streets in new Medieval towns created
conditions that allowed a large rat population to
thrive, people threw food scraps, human and animal
waste all into public areas.
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No one was in charge of cleaning up ^ this mess.
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The Plague effectively ends the era of Feudalism
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Describes the long conflict that pitted kings
and kingdoms of France and England against
each other from 1337-1453
Two factors lay at the origin of the conflict:
 Status of the duchy of Guyenne (Aquitaine)
 Kings of England claimed the crown of France
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Believed God called on
her to rescue France
from English
Led the French army into
battle- ending the siege
of Orleans
Responsible for Charles
VII regaining the crown
Captured by the English,
turned over to Church
Burned at the stake as a
witch and heretic
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Longbow changes warfare
Feeling of nationalism emerged in England
and France
Power and prestige of the French monarchy
increased
Leads England into the War of the Roses
Series of battles
(1455-1485)
 Between House of
Lancaster and House
of York
 Name based on the
badges used by the
two sides
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Both houses were direct descendants of King
Edward III
The ruling Lancastrian king, Henrgy VI,
surrounded himself with unpopular nobles
Civil unrest of much of the population
Availability of many powerful lords with their
own private armies
Lancasters
Henry VI
Margaret of Anjou
Yorks
Richard, Duke of York
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Civil war resumes in 1459
York defeated the Lancastrian forces, tried to
claim the throne
Settled for the right to succeed upon the
death of Henry
Effectively disinheriting Henry’s son, Edward
Margaret remains opposed
York is surprised and killed
Lancastrians marched south toward London and
defeat Warwick
 York’s eldest son and heir, Edward, defeated a
Lancastrian force and marched to London,
arriving before the Lancastrian forces with
Margaret
 Edward is proclaimed King Edward IV
 He pursues Margaret, bloodiest battle of the
wars
 Margaret and her son fled to Scotland
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Warwick allies himself with Edward’s
rebellious brother George, Duke of Clarence,
and, eventually, Margaret of Anjou and the
French King Louis XI
Crown returns to the Lancasters, Henry VI
Edward secure his throne
(AKA The Western Schism or Papal Schism)
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Absolutism
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New pope Clement V (French) moves the
headquarters to Avignon, causing people to
lose respect for the church and claimed that
the pope was controlled by France.
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Pope Urban VI is elected
 Hostile to his cardinals
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Cardinals retreat to Avignon and elected a
new pope- Clement VII
 Claimed election of Urban VI was invalid
 Stayed in Avignon
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Furthered political rivalries
Confusion
Loss of prestige
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Various attempts at reconciliation- none
successful
Cardinals from both sides arranged a council
in Pisa, seeking an end to the schism… and
elected a THIRD pope
Council of Constance- finally puts an end to
all this nonsense
 Leaves the papacy greatly weakend
John Wycliffe
 Preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was
the true head of the church
 Offended by the worldliness and wealth
many clergy displayed
 Taught that the Bible alone, not the pope,
was the final authority for Christian life
 Inspired an English translation of the bible