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Turks (Muslims) Gained control of Palestine Threatened Constantinople – or present day Istanbul Pope Urban II asked feudal lords to win back the holy land Symbol was a red cross http://www.operationworld.org/pale www.catholica.com.au Money (younger sons that were not in line to inherit anything). Religion Those who died in the Crusades were guaranteed a spot in Heaven. Adventure Crusaders capture Jerusalem and Edessa from the Muslim Turks, after a month of siege Crusader States: Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch, and Tripoli Edessa fell to Muslims in 1144, shocking Europe Second Crusade led by King Louis VII (France) and King Conrad III (Germany) Turks and Saladin take back all land captured by European Christian Crusaders during First Crusade. Bickering between these 2 causes Phillip to return home. Drowns while traveling southward Could not recapture Holy Land, but does allow for Christian pilgrims to visit. Initially led by the 3 most powerful monarchs in Europe: Philip II of France Richard the Lion-Hearted from England Frederick I of Germany Starts with the idea to… regain control of the Holy Land Instead decide there is more to gain by looting Constantinople Any crusades after the Fourth is more about money and less about the spread of religion. http://vnmoney.nld .com.vn/vnmoney Reconquista – long effort of Spanish Christians to push Muslims called Moors out of Spain. Inquisition – courts under the church meant to suppress heresy Heresy – disagreements with church’s beliefs/ policies People accused were detained for weeks and sometimes tortured Sometimes they were simply killed via being burned at the stake… yikes! All accept first Crusade failed to retake the Holy Land Muslims controlled Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land Left a long lasting bitterness between Christians and Muslims Europe started using warfare technology like crossbows, catapults, and gunpowder. Kings grew strong and Feudalism began to end Christian church became more powerful Women gained independence due to men being away on long Crusades Failures of latter crusades weaken the Church’s influence New methods increased food supply Horsepower Three-field system Increase in food supply = well-fed people Well-fed people are better able to resist disease and live longer As a result, European population grew Villages had a weekly markets… and market places Fairs were special times for people to buy goods http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/41 9/429222/thumbs/ch09_161.html Constantinople, or Byzantine, or Istanbul Domestic System - also called Putting-out System, production system widespread in 17th-century western Europe in which merchant-employers “put out” materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes but sometimes labored in workshops or in turn put out work to others. Finished products were returned to the employers for payment on a piecework or wage basis. First bankers were money changers Those that converted Eastern money with European and Egyptian money. Relaxed rules on usury Church enters banking business Capital – initial investment (cash into a project) you expect to make money off of. Partnership – way to limit the liability of going into business, due to sharing ownership with a partner. Medieval market etc. formed the basis for our modern capitalist system Make money where you can and how you can. Guild – an organization of individuals in the same business or occupation i.e. Blacksmiths Merchant Guilds – merchants banned together to control the number of goods being traded as well as to keep prices up. Craft Guilds – set the standards for each craft such as the size of a loaf of bread, also set up training programs for new entrants. Guild Master – perfected a particular craft or trade through years of experience. Stage 1: Apprentice ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Parents paid for training Lived with master and his family Trained for 2-7 years Not allowed to marry during this time Stage 2: Journeyman ▪ Worked with master to earn a salary ▪ Worked 6 days a week ▪ Needed to produce a masterpiece to become a master Stage 3: Master ▪ Owned their own shop ▪ Worked with other masters to protect the trade ▪ Often served in government This expansion of trade and business in the medieval period is known as the Commercial Revolution Four Basic Rights of Townspeople Freedom – ability to come and go from town to town as they please Exemption – exempt themselves from certain taxes that kings levied. Town Justice – right to govern towns Commercial Privileges – right to trade within their towns without restriction or tax Towns offered economic and social opportunities for serfs. Located – in rural areas outside of big cities and the manors of the Feudal era. Several Stories High Each story extends beyond the one below Buildings almost touched in the middle of the streets Streets were dark http://rhysgriffiths.deviantart.com/ art/Medieval-Town-406477399 New interest in learning after the Crusades Muslim Influence Spanish Libraries- Jewish scholars could translate Arabic versions to Latin Crusaders brought back Muslim technology in ships, navigation, weaponry Universities People, not buildings, made up the medieval university New ideas and forms of expression- vernacular Scholastics- used their knowledge of Aristotle to debate many issues of their time Teachings on law and government influenced the thinking of western Europeans- especially the English and French Early Invasions- Back to the Vikings Alfred the Great- Anglo-Saxon king, turns back the Vikings He and his Successors united the kingdom under one rule- England- “Land of the Angles” Edward the Confessor died without an heir… struggle erupted.. One last invasion William the Conqueror- claimed the English crown and invaded with a Norman army Harold Godwinson- Anglo-Saxon who claimed the throne Battle of Hastings Juries and Common Law (Henry II) Magna Carta Parliament Capetian Dynasty Hugh Capet Ruled a small territory, but Paris was in the center First few kings were weak- but their territory included important trade routes Growth of royal power will eventually unite France Set out to weaken the power of the English kings in France Tripled the lands under his control The French king was now more powerful than any of his vassals First Estate- Church Leaders Second Estate- Great Lords Third Estate- Commoners, wealthy landholders, merchants Estates General- meeting of them all Helped to increase royal power against nobility (like Parliament) Never became an independent force that limited the king’s power (unlike Parliament) High crime rate, as merchants set goods out for sale people stole them. No one to enforce laws against theft etc. Black Death – also known as the Bubonic Plague, wipes out 1/3 of Europe’s population, also effects Asia, Africa, and Americas Came from Asia Spread by Genoese merchant ships and traders on old Crusading trading routes. Carried by black rats that were infested with fleas that spread this catastrophic blight Effect on wages – caused peasants to demand higher wages due to hazard of being in filthy areas where rats and plague carrying fleas might be. Filthy streets in new Medieval towns created conditions that allowed a large rat population to thrive, people threw food scraps, human and animal waste all into public areas. No one was in charge of cleaning up ^ this mess. The Plague effectively ends the era of Feudalism Describes the long conflict that pitted kings and kingdoms of France and England against each other from 1337-1453 Two factors lay at the origin of the conflict: Status of the duchy of Guyenne (Aquitaine) Kings of England claimed the crown of France Believed God called on her to rescue France from English Led the French army into battle- ending the siege of Orleans Responsible for Charles VII regaining the crown Captured by the English, turned over to Church Burned at the stake as a witch and heretic Longbow changes warfare Feeling of nationalism emerged in England and France Power and prestige of the French monarchy increased Leads England into the War of the Roses Series of battles (1455-1485) Between House of Lancaster and House of York Name based on the badges used by the two sides Both houses were direct descendants of King Edward III The ruling Lancastrian king, Henrgy VI, surrounded himself with unpopular nobles Civil unrest of much of the population Availability of many powerful lords with their own private armies Lancasters Henry VI Margaret of Anjou Yorks Richard, Duke of York Civil war resumes in 1459 York defeated the Lancastrian forces, tried to claim the throne Settled for the right to succeed upon the death of Henry Effectively disinheriting Henry’s son, Edward Margaret remains opposed York is surprised and killed Lancastrians marched south toward London and defeat Warwick York’s eldest son and heir, Edward, defeated a Lancastrian force and marched to London, arriving before the Lancastrian forces with Margaret Edward is proclaimed King Edward IV He pursues Margaret, bloodiest battle of the wars Margaret and her son fled to Scotland Warwick allies himself with Edward’s rebellious brother George, Duke of Clarence, and, eventually, Margaret of Anjou and the French King Louis XI Crown returns to the Lancasters, Henry VI Edward secure his throne (AKA The Western Schism or Papal Schism) Absolutism New pope Clement V (French) moves the headquarters to Avignon, causing people to lose respect for the church and claimed that the pope was controlled by France. Pope Urban VI is elected Hostile to his cardinals Cardinals retreat to Avignon and elected a new pope- Clement VII Claimed election of Urban VI was invalid Stayed in Avignon Furthered political rivalries Confusion Loss of prestige Various attempts at reconciliation- none successful Cardinals from both sides arranged a council in Pisa, seeking an end to the schism… and elected a THIRD pope Council of Constance- finally puts an end to all this nonsense Leaves the papacy greatly weakend John Wycliffe Preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the church Offended by the worldliness and wealth many clergy displayed Taught that the Bible alone, not the pope, was the final authority for Christian life Inspired an English translation of the bible