Download American_-_9_-_Reconstruction

I can
• List the problems facing the United States at the end of the
Civil War
• List the goals of Reconstruction
• Compare and contrast the Lincoln plan for reconstruction
and the Wade-Davis Plan for reconstruction
• Describe President Lincoln’s assassination and its impact on
the country
• Describe President Johnson’s Presidency
• List the provisions of the Johnson plan of reconstruction
• Compare and contrast the Lincoln plan for reconstruction,
the Wade-Davis plan for reconstruction, and the Johnson
plan for reconstruction
Civil War Aftermath
• South was destroyed
– Cities ruined
– Economy destroyed
– Confederate Veterans had no jobs
– Former slaves had no jobs
– Former slaves homeless
• African Americans had hope
– Slaves at first thought they were free
– Former slaves wanted to find and reunite their families
Reconstruction
• Goals
– Rebuild former Confederate States
– Unite the Nation
President Lincoln’s Plan
• Called the Proclamation of Amnesty and
Reconstruction
– Main aim was to unite the country quickly
– Two part plan
• Full pardon to all southerners
– Except high ranking Confederate leaders
– Had to swear allegiance to the US Constitution
– Had to accept federal laws ending slavery
• 10% plan
– Allowed any state to re-enter the union when 10% of its people swore
their loyalty to the US
– Plan did not pass
Wade-Davis Plan
• Created by Senator Wade and Congressman Davis
• Description
– Reconstruction should be put on-hold until a majority of
a states white males took an oath of loyalty to the US
Constitution
– States had to abolish slavery
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President Lincoln vetoed the bill
Congress overrode the veto
Which plan was harder on the south?
Why did President Lincoln not want to be hard on
the south?
Assassination of President Lincoln
• April 14, 1865
• Killed by John Wilkes Booth at Ford Theatre
Washington DC
• Reaction of the nation
– People hung black cloth outside their homes
– Hundreds stood beside the railroad tracks to see the
funeral train on its way to Illinois
• Vice President Andrew Johnson became President
President Johnson
• Can be best described as a racist
• Plan for Reconstruction
– Pardon all rebels, except former Confederate Office
holders and the richest of the plantation owners, who he
later pardoned on an individual basis
– Readmission to the union
• State must nullify its act of secession
• Abolish slavery
• State must refuse to pay Confederate debts
– Wanted to punish states that supported the Confederacy
– Plan was like by most southerners because it allowed
Confederate Leaders to take charge of the new
government
President Johnson Plan for
Reconstruction Results
• Confederate Leaders stayed in power
– Continued to wear Confederate Uniforms
– Dominated state legislatures
– Vice President Alexander Stevens who had been charged
with treason was elected to Congress
• States did not grant former slaves rights
• Mississippi refused to ratify the 13th Amendment
I can
• Analyze the 13th Amendment
• Explain the impact of the black codes on the
country
• Define equality
• Interpret a quote by Thaddeus Stevens
• Describe the role of the Freedmen's Bureau
• Analyze the 14th Amendment
13th Amendment
• “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except
as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall
have been duly convicted, shall exist within the
United States, or any place subject to their
jurisdiction” (13th Amendment Section I)
• Congress shall have the power to enforce this article
with appropriate legislation (13th Amendment
Section II)
Black Codes
• Purpose prevent African Americans from gaining
– Social equality
– Political equality
– Economic equality
• African Americans could not
– Hold meetings without whites present
– Travel without permits
– Own firearms
What do the black
codes sound
– Attend schools with whites
familiar to?
– Sit on juries
Black Codes
• Purpose was to establish white control over African
Americans
– Blacks were forced to
• Return to the fields
• Could not live in town unless they were servants
• Required former slaves to sign long term labor contracts or
they would be arrested and auctioned off
• Had to obtain special licenses to work as skilled professionals
• Judges could decide whether black parents could support their
children if not the children could be hired out against their will
Discussion
• Is this equality?
• Is this any different than slavery?
• What did the Civil War accomplish?
Thaddeus Stevens
• “Reformation must be effected; the foundation of [southern]
institutions, both political, municipal, and social must be
broken up and re-laid, or all our blood and treasure have
been spent in vain. This can only be done by treating and
holding them as a conquered people… The whole fabric of
southern society must be changed, and never can it be done
if this opportunity is lost. Without this, this Government can
never be, as it has never been, a true republic”
• Interpret this quote
– Congress must enforce equality
– Congress must break Confederate control of the south and create
a new south
– This nation has never been a true republic, equality is necessary
to achieve the goal of being a republic
– Blacks need the right to vote
Freedmen’s Bureau
• Purpose help secure black rights
• Chartered for 1 year
• Purpose
– Distribute food and clothing
– Act as an employment agency
– Set up hospitals and schools and colleges
– Helped settle disputes between blacks and plantation
owners
– Blacks often told to continue working even under the
worst conditions
– Only thing that stood between freedom and slavery
Freedmen’s Bureau
• Congress wanted to renew the act due to violence
• President Johnson was against it
• President Johnson sent 2 Generals to the south to
uncover problems with the Bureau
– They found that blacks supported it although it had
problems
• President Johnson vetoed it anyways
– Said, “It was never intended that the Freedmen should
be fed, clothed, educated and sheltered by the United
States”
Freedmen’s Bureau Results
• Congress was infuriated and in response created
the Civil Rights Act of 1866
– This was the first Civil Right Law
• Declared that everyone born in the US was a citizen with full
rights
• Did not guarantee voting rights
• Overturned Dred Scott decision 1857
– President Johnson vetoed it
– Congress overturned the veto
14th Amendment
• Created to ensure the democrats could not repeal the Civil Rights Act of 1866
• Citizenship
– Required States to extend equal citizenship to all people
– Defined citizen as all people born or naturalized in the United States
• Rights
– States could not deprive anyone of “life, liberty, or property without due process of law”
– Citizens all had “equal protection of the law”
• Voting
– Did NOT directly give African Americans the right to vote
– Reduced the number of representatives a state could send to Congress based on how
many of the state’s males citizens were denied the right to vote
• More people that could vote = more representatives
• Hoped that this would cause states to give blacks the right to vote without forcing them to
• Would eventually be used by the Supreme Court to expand the bill rights as
protection against the state governments
Directions
• Take a few minutes and review your notes
• Mini Quiz – 6 points
Mini Quiz – Match the following
1. 13th Amendment
2. Civil Rights Act 1866
3. 14th Amendment
a. Made blacks citizens with full
rights and protections
b. Made blacks citizens with full
rights, States could not
deprive anyone of “life,
liberty, or property without
due process of law”,
encouraged states to allow
African American to vote
c. Ended slavery
I can
• Describe the DC Voting Act of 1867 and the
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
• Analyze President Johnson’s attempted
impeachment
• Define carpetbagger and scalawag
• Describe the election of 1868
• Analyze the 15th Amendment
• Explain the rise of the KKK
DC Voting Act 1867
• Granted blacks the right to vote in DC
• President Johnson vetoed it
• Congress overturned veto
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
• Congress extended right to vote to all African
Americans everywhere
• Divided Confederacy with the exception of
Tennessee (had already been reconstructed) into 5
military districts
• Union Army put
in each district to
maintain order
Reconstruction Act 1867 (cont.)
• In order to gain re-entry into the union
– State had to ratify 14th Amendment
– Submit new Constitution to Congress guaranteeing all
men were given the right to vote
– African American could vote even for delegates to
conventions and even be delegates
Causes of the Attempted
Impeachment of President Johnson
• Success of the Reconstruction Act depended on its
enforcement
– Congress was afraid the President would try and get rid
of the people in government that would enforce this act
• Congress established the Tenure of Office Act 1867
this required the President to get the Senate’s
approval before he could fire someone confirmed
by the Senate
• President Johnson fired the Secretary of War Edwin
Stanton
Description of the Attempted
Impeachment of President Johnson
• House of Representatives responded by trying to
impeach the President for
– Violating the Tenure of Office Act
– Making scandalous speeches
– Bringing Congress into disgrace
• Are these impeachable offenses?
– No
– Article II Section 4 Treason, Bribery or other high crimes
or misdemeanors
Results of the Attempted
Impeachment of President Johnson
• House of Representative impeached
• Senate was 1 vote short of 2/3 required to convict
• Results of the impeachment
– President Johnson’s power was destroyed
– 35 Senators from his own party voted against him
I can
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Define carpetbagger and scalawag
Describe the election of 1868
Analyze the 15th Amendment
Explain the rise of the KKK
Describe the Civil Rights Act of 1875
Describe the Mississippi state election of 1875 and
the impact of the redeemers on the election
• Describe the Presidential Election of 1876
• Analyze the impact of Jim Crow Laws on
reconstruction and equality
Groups
• Carpetbaggers
– Northern Republicans that moved to the south to help
southern blacks
• Started as a patriotic club
• Built schools
• Helped care for the sick
• Scalawags
– Southern whites that supported the union and
reconstruction
– Called traitors by other southern
Election 1868 Candidates
• President Johnson (D)
– Did not receive the nomination from the Democratic
Party and did not run
• General Ulysses S. Grant (R)
– War Hero
– No political experience
• Horatio Seymour (D)
– Governor of New York
– Racist
– Running mate Francis Preston Blair was a white
supremacist
Election 1868
• Issues
– Reconstruction
– African American Rights
• Results
– Grant won a very close election as the result of African
Americans voting
– Increased resentment among many white southerners
15th Amendment
• “The right of citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States
or by any state on account of race, color, or
previous condition of servitude”
• Gave African Americans the right to vote
• Did not
– Guarantee African Americans the right to hold office
– Outlaw limiting voting through requirements or tests
– Extend the right to vote to women
Ku Klux Klan
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15th Amendment resulted in the creation of the KKK
Secret Terrorist Group
Goal prevent African Americans from voting
Headed by Grand Wizard Nathan Bedford Forrest
Wanted to kill radical blacks and whites
Killed thousands of African Americans that were considered “too
successful”
• Burned homes, schools, stole livestock
• Scared away Republican Supporters of Reconstruction
• Government tried to stop them by
– Passing the enforcement Acts 1870, 1871, 1871
– Tried to protect African American Voters by using the military and aggressively
prosecuting members of the KKK
Civil Rights Act 1875
• Republican Congress final act before leaving office
• Prohibited businesses that served the public from
discriminating against African Americans
• Affected hotels, transportation and facilities
Mississippi State Election 1875
• Redeemers
– White-supremacy Democrats in the south that wanted
to take back government
• Unlike the KKK, they did not operate in secret
– Used terrorist to win elections, killed African Americans
that tried to vote in Clay County
• This resulted in Democrats gaining control of the
state government
• Similar Events occurred other state elections
– Louisiana 1876
– South Carolina 1876
Election 1876
• Candidates
– Samuel J. Tilden (D)
– Rutherford B. Hayes (R)
• Redeemers vowed to win the election even “if we
have to wade in blood knee-deep”
• Result
– Tilden won the popular vote by 250,000 votes
– Hayes won the by 1 electoral vote
– Compromise of 1877
Compromise of 1877
• Democrats accepted Hayes as President
• Republicans agreed to withdraw the remaining
federal troops from the south
• Results
– Reconstruction governments fell apart
– Redeemers took over state governments
– Redeemers rewrote state constitutions
– Redeemers overturned reconstruction reforms
Jim Crow Laws
• Named after the Song “Jump-jump-jump Jim Crow”
– Term is believed to have come from Thomas Rice
singer/comedian who painted his face black
• Started in Tennessee 1881
• 1890’s all southern states had legally segregated
– Public Transportation
– Public Schools
– Cemeteries
– Parks
– Other public places
Jim Crow Laws - Voting
• Poll Tax
– Fixed tax imposed on every voter
• Literacy Test
– Test that barred those who could not read from voting
– Administered by whites
– Literate African Americans often failed
– Administrator decides who passes and fails
– Illiterate whites allowed to vote
• Violence
– Violence and intimidation used to prevent blacks from
voting
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
• Supreme Court Case
• Homer Plessy (1/8 black) denied a seat in first-class on railroad car in
Louisiana, sued under Civil Rights Act 1875
• Judge Ferguson State District Court Judge
• Case originally called State of Louisiana v. Plessy
• Resulted in Supreme Court Case Plessy v. Ferguson
• Majority Opinion Justice Brown
– Separate but equal
• Dissenting Opinion Justice Harlan
• Result
– Separate but Equal
– Not changed until Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Discussion
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Define racism
What are different forms of racism?
Why is racism so dangerous?
What creates racism?
What can we do to confront it?