* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download + adjective
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Udmurt grammar wikipedia , lookup
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Preposition and postposition wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian declension wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Comparison (grammar) wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Essential Grammar Unit 45 Adjectives I Function, Position and Form 1. Adjectives can function differently in different positions. 1. Modify before the noun Happy people are nice to be around. My plaid pants are at the dry cleaner’s. The black car is blocking mine. 1. Adjectives can function differently in different positions 1. Modify before the noun Happy people are nice to be around. noun My plaid pants are at the dry cleaner’s. noun The black car is blocking mine. noun 1. Adjectives can function differently in different positions 2. Used as subject complements with be or linking verbs such as feel, seem, smell, taste, sound, become, get, appear, and remain Paul was hot in his winter coat and scarf. We got lucky and won the game. Are you OK? You seem sad. I feel sick. I think I should go home. The garbage smells bad. Could you take it out? 1. Adjectives can function differently in different positions 2. Used as subject complements with be or linking verbs such as feel, seem, smell, taste, sound, become, get, appear, and remain Paul was hot in his winter coat and scarf. be + adjective We got lucky and won the game. get(linking verb) + adjective 1. Adjectives can function differently in different positions 2. Used as subject complements with be or linking verbs such as feel, seem, smell, taste, sound, become, get, appear, and remain Are you OK? You seem sad. seem(linking verb) + adjective 1. Adjectives can function differently in different positions 2. Used as subject complements with be or linking verbs such as feel, seem, smell, taste, sound, become, get, appear, and remain I feel sick. I think I should go home. feel + adjective The garbage smells bad. Could you take it out? smell(linking verb) + adjective 1. Adjectives can function differently in different positions 3. Used as object complements The ice cream made the children happy. It’s hot today, but the breeze keeps the weather pleasant. I don’t like to drink my coffee cold. An extra sweater will keep you warm. 1. Adjectives can function differently in different positions 3. Used as object complements The ice cream made the children happy. object + adjective It’s hot today, but the breeze keeps the weather pleasant. object + adjective 1. Adjectives can function differently in different positions 3. Used as object complements An extra sweater will keep you warm. object + adjective I don’t like to drink my coffee cold. object + adjective 2. Verbs in their participial form can be used as adjectives. 2. The past participial form is used as an adjective with a passive meaning. We were so bored at the movie. John is interested in art. She was tired after gardening all day. 2. Verbs in their participial form can be used as adjectives. 1. The present participial form is used as an adjective with an active meaning. This movie is so boring! She read an exciting book. It was a surprising decision. Gardening is tiring work. Unit 46 Adjectives II-Word Order A specific order of adjectives is followed. 1. Opinion adjectives usually come first. Joe just read an interesting new book. Did you see that beautiful black car that just passed? She starred in that awful Canadian movie about horses. Unit 46 Adjectives II-Word Order A specific order of adjectives is followed. 2. The order usually follows a pattern. determiner opinion a funny an interesting size shape a dozen large beautiful qualifier noun movie French chair leather clothing stores eggs brown oak antique 1970s huge material local round his/her This/ that origin red small bad color old two some/ a few age table novels American wooden house Unit 46 Adjectives II-Word Order 3. When two or more adjectives with the same descriptive purpose are used, they are usually separated by a comma. Kara is a lovely, caring person. I saw a great, funny movie last night. Marc’s soft, comfortable couch made me fall asleep. Unit 46 Adjectives II-Word Order 4. For size adjectives, length adjectives come before width. The suspect is a tall, fat man. First Avenue is a long, wide street. Julie is the short, thin woman talking to Paul. Unit 46 Adjectives II-Word Order 5. More than two color adjectives are separated by and (commas in a list). We have a blue, green, and tan tablecloth. He took some nice black and white photos. She wore a gold, red, ivory, and black dress. Essential Grammar Unit 47,48,49,50 Adverbs 47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction I. Forms of Adverbs 1. Adverbs modify verbs. Add –ly to an adjective. loud-loudly smooth-smoothly nice-nicely 2. ends in –y, drop –y and add –ily. ends in –ble, drop e and add –y. heavy-heavily, busy-busily capable-capably 47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction II. Adverbs of Manner 1. Describes how or in what manner something happens. Mostly formed with an adjective + -ly I ate quickly, and now my stomach hurts. The evening was great, but it ended badly. We walked carefully across the ice. It had started to snow lightly by the time we went to bed. 47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction 2. Can be placed before or after the main verb, after a helping verb, or at the beginning or end of a clause or sentence I quickly walked to class. I walked quickly to class. I was quickly walking to class when I saw you. I was walking quickly to class when I saw you. Quickly, I walked to class. I walked to class quickly. I walked to class quickly so I wouldn’t be late. 47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction 3. Some irregular forms are fast, well and hard. These can only be placed after the main verb or object of the verb. He is a fast swimmer. He swims fast. I am a good singer. I sing popular songs well, but I can’t sing opera. Physics is a hard subject to understand. Shelley studied hard for the test. 47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction III Adverbs of Place and Direction 1. Describe where or in what direction an action happens. Most do not end in –ly. The plane flew high above the clouds. They drove north. She walks home from school at 4 p.m. Mom was reading downstairs. 47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction 2. Put only after the main verb. With a direct object, put the adverb after the object. The stairs go down to the basement. We live here. John threw the ball up into the air. We moved the tree there. 47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction 3. Some adverbs of direction end in the suffix –ward. The wind is blowing eastward. They had been traveling northward for several days. We flew upward in a hot-air balloon. 48 Adverbs II-Time, Frequency, and Possibility I. Adverbs of Time 1. Describe when an action happens. We are moving today. We will move tomorrow. We moved yesterday. We will move soon. We just moved to this city. 47 Adverbs II-Time, Frequency, and Possibility 2. Still-used in an affirmative sentence an d indicates “up to the present time”. Comes after the be-verb but before the main verb and a negative auxiliary verb. Judy still corresponds with her high school friends. Are they still living in Dallas? Ellen is still friends with her college roommate. We still can’t keep in touch with Marco. 47 Adverbs II-Time, Frequency, and Possibility 3. yet-normally used in questions, conditional clauses, and negative sentences, and usually comes at the end of the sentence. Has he finished his homework yet? He hasn’t finished his homework yet. I’ll have to see if he has been prepared yet . 47 Adverbs II-Time, Frequency, and Possibility 4. Already-used to say something has happened sooner than expected. Usually used in an affirmative sentence, but sometimes used in a question to express some surprise. He has already left for the next destination. Has your sister already returned home? 47 Adverbs II-Time, Frequency, and Possibility 5. Early, late – Adj and Adv forms are the same. Lately-recently(최근에)=It has been raining a lot recently The early movie starts at 7 p.m.(adj) We arrived early for the movie. (adv) The late flight leaves at 11 p.m. (adj) He arrived late for his flight. (adv) 47 Adverbs II-Time, Frequency, and Possibility 6. Ago- used to say how long before the present and needs a simple past Before-used to say how long before the past with a past perfect tense I met him three years ago for the first time. Fidel told me that he had been to China five months before. II. Adverbs of Frequency Describes how often an action happens. Can begin a sentence, precede the main verb, follow be, or end a sentence. I always go to the same café for lunch. She has frequently stayed out late. You usually take the bus to work, don’t you? He often surfs the web instead of working. We leave work early sometimes. Occasionally, they go downtown for dinner. The meetings are rarely interesting. He never works on Sundays. 2. Use ever and never for questions and negative sentences. Precede action verbs and follow be in the simple tense. Precede the main verb(action verbs and be) in perfect tense. Did you ever see the movie Titanic? Was she ever nice to you? Have they ever been to Japan? Mike never goes to the gym. She is never quiet in movies. They have never been to Europe. III. Adverbs of Possibility Describe how likely an action is to happen. I will definitely finish this work by 6 pm. She will certainly get the job. She likely won’t eat these noodles. She is allergic to eggs. The price of oil will probably go up after the hurricane hits. Maybe it will rain tomorrow. Perhaps we can spend our vacation in Hawaii this year. Unit 51 Comparatives I. Comparatives Forms of Adjectives 1. Followed by than Montreal is colder than Miami. (adj) Sue’s bag is heavier than Lara’s bag. (adj) Joe has one sister. She is younger.(than Joe is implied) Unit 51 Comparatives 2. one-syllable adjectives two-syllable adjectives ending in – y(change –y to –ier) one-syllable adjectives with a vowel followed by a single consonant (double the consonant and add –er) old-older, fast-faster, short-shorter young-younger, cheap-cheaper, late-later tall-taller, long-longer, nice-nicer happy-happier, pretty-prettier big-bigger, hot-hotter, fat-fatter Unit 54 Coordinating Conjunctions 1. And The rain stopped, and the sun came out. Ezra ate the apple pie and the peach pie. Melissa opened the door and walked in. Unit 54 Coordinating Conjunctions 2. or, nor, neither You can call me, or I’ll call you. You can have the chocolate cake or the vanilla cake. I didn’t call her, nor her parents. He neither greeted, smiled, nor spoke. Unit 54 Coordinating Conjunctions 3. but, yet We rented a car, but it was stolen. It was snowing, yet the children were not wearing mittens. Kasper borrowed my notes but (he) never returned them. Unit 54 Coordinating Conjunctions 4. so, for I needed to call a taxi, so I borrowed someone’s phone. The floor was dirty, so I vacuumed it. Lenore wore a hat, for it was cold outside. Unit 55 Subordinating Conjunctions 1. because, since, as I called a taxi because I needed to get home quickly. Because guests were coming over, I cleaned the house. I took a nap since I was a little tired. As the sun was shining bright, she put on a straw hat. Unit 55 Subordinating Conjunctions 2. although, though, while, whereas Although his mother warned him not to, Darren went skiing without a helmet. Sara earned an A on her essay though she hadn’t worked very hard on it. While Katrina enjoys ice skating, Sergei prefers hockey. Football is the most popular sport in the US, whereas soccer is the most popular sport in the UK. Unit 55 Subordinating Conjunctions 3. when, before, after, since, till, until Since Chloe got her new bike , she’s been riding everywhere. The thieves escaped from the bank before the police arrived. Unit 55 Subordinating Conjunctions 4. if, unless, even if, whether Even if Mercedes is really hungry, she won’t eat meat. My children refuse to go to sleep at night unless I read them a story. Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and Conjunctive Adverbs 1. both A and B A와 B 2. not only A but (also) B A뿐만 아니라 B 또한 Chen ate both rice and the bread. Both Alice and Helen went to Hawaii. Nigel likes not only Shakespeare but also Stephen King. Nigel likes not only Shakespeare but Stephen King, too. Nigel likes not only Shakespeare but Stephen King as well. Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and Conjunctive Adverbs 2. Either A or B A이거나 B We can either go to the park or stay home. Yuki can’t decide whether to study English or Mandarin. Neither the students nor the teacher can read Mayan script. Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and Conjunctive Adverbs 3. Either the doctor or the nurses write the report. Either the nurses or the doctor writes the report. Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and Conjunctive Adverbs II Conjunctive Adverbs 1. also, in addition, furthermore We were tired; we also didn’t have anything to eat. Mary went shopping; in addition, she met John for lunch. Olivia was lost; furthermore, she didn’t have a map with her. Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and Conjunctive Adverbs 2. however, instead, otherwise, conversely Lu is quiet and reserved; however, she isn’ t shy! I don’t like CDs; instead, I prefer the radio. Sam has an early class; otherwise, he would go out with us. Milo is a morning person; conversely, his wife is a night owl. Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and Conjunctive Adverbs 3. therefore, consequently I’m a vegetarian; therefore, I don’t eat fish. Trisha broke her foot; consequently, she can’t go skating. Unit 59 Verb+Preposition 1. about complain~ ~에 대하여 불평하다 dream~ ~에 대하여 꿈꾸다 hear~ ~에 대하여 듣다 read~ ~에 대하여 읽다 talk~ ~에 대하여 이야기하다 tell~ ~에 대하여 이야기하다 think~ ~에 대하여 생각하다 warn~ ~에 대하여 경고하다 Unit 59 Verb+Preposition 2. at glance~ ~을 힐끗보다 laugh~ ~을 비웃다 look~ ~을 보다 smile~ ~을 보고 미소짓다 stare~ ~을 응시하다 throw~ ~에게 달려들다 yell~ ~에게 고함치다 Unit 59 Verb+Preposition 3. for apologize~~에 대해 사과하다 apply~ ~에 지원하다 ask~ ~에 대해 묻다 blame~ ~에 대해 비난하다 call~ ~을 필요로 하다, ~을 청하다 hope~ ~에 대해 희망하다 Unit 59 Verb+Preposition look~ ~을 찾다 pay~ ~을 지불하다 search~ ~을 찾다 wait~ ~을 기다리다 watch~ ~가만히 기다리다 wish~ ~을 바라다 Unit 59 Verb+Preposition 4. into bump~ ~와 마주치다 cut~ ~에 끼어들다 divide~ ~으로 나누다 put~ ~에 들어가다 run~ 우연히 만나다 walk~ ~에 빠지다, ~안으로 들어가다 Unit 59 Verb+Preposition 5. of accuse~ ~로 고소하다 approve~ ~을 승인하다 consist~ ~으로 구성하다 dream~ ~을 꿈꾸다 smell~ ~의 냄새가 나다 think~ ~에 대해 생각하다 Unit 59 Verb+Preposition 6. on concentrate~ ~에 대해 집중하다 depend~ ~에 의지하다 insist~ ~를 주장하다 live~ ~을 먹고 살다 rely~ ~에 의지하다 spend~ ~에 쓰다 Unit 59 Verb+Preposition 7. to invite~ ~에 초대하다 happen~ ~에게 일어나다 listen~ ~을 듣다 speak~ ~와 이야기를 하다 talk~ ~에게 말을 걸다 throw~ ~에 내던지다 Unit 60 Adjective+Preposition 1. about angry~ ~에 화나다 annoyed~ ~에 난처해하다 excited~ ~에 대해 흥분하다 furious~ ~에 격노하다 sorry~ ~에 대해 유감스럽다 upset~ ~에 대해 언짢다 worried~ ~에 대해 걱정하다 Unit 60 Adjective+Preposition 2. at amazed~ ~에 놀라다 angry~ ~에 화나다 bad~ ~에 능숙하지 않다 excellent~ ~에 뛰어나다 good~ ~에 능숙하다 shocked~ ~에 충격을 받다 surprised~ ~에 놀라다 talented~ ~에 재능이있다 Unit 60 Adjective+Preposition 3. for famous~ ~에 대해 유명하다 known~ ~로 알려졌다 prepared~ ~에 대해 준비하다 qualified~ ~에 대해 자격을 갖추다 responsible~ ~에 대해 책임을 지다 sorry~ ~에 대해 미안하게 생각하다 Unit 60 Adjective+Preposition 4. of aware~ ~을 알다 capable~ ~을 할 수 있다 envious~ ~을 부러워하다 intelligent~ ~을 알다 jealous~ ~을 질투하다 kind~ ~친절하다 Unit 60 Adjective+Preposition nice~ ~해주어 고맙다 polite~ ~에 예의가 바르다 proud~ ~에 대해 자랑스럽게 여기다 rude~ ~에 버릇이 없다 sensible~ ~을 알아차리다 stupid~ ~에 어리석다 tired~ ~에 피곤하다 Unit 60 Adjective+Preposition 5. to cruel~~에 잔인하다 friendly~ ~에 다정하다 kind~ ~에 친절하다 mean~ ~에 무례하다 nice~ ~에 친절하다 rude~ ~에 버릇없다, 무례하다 Unit 60 Adjective+Preposition 6. with angry~ ~에 화나다 annoyed~ ~에 짜증나다 bored~ ~에 지루하다 crowded~ ~으로 복잡하다 delighted~ ~로 기쁘다 disgusted~ ~를 혐오하다, 넌더리가 나다 satisfied~ ~에 만족하다 upset~ ~에 화나다 Unit 61