Download + adjective

Essential Grammar
Unit 45 Adjectives I
Function, Position and Form
1. Adjectives can function
differently in different positions.
1. Modify before the noun
Happy people are nice to be around.
My plaid pants are at the dry cleaner’s.
The black car is blocking mine.
1. Adjectives can function
differently in different positions
1. Modify before the noun
Happy people are nice to be around.
noun
My plaid pants are at the dry cleaner’s.
noun
The black car is blocking mine.
noun
1. Adjectives can function
differently in different positions
2. Used as subject complements with be
or linking verbs such as feel, seem, smell,
taste, sound, become, get, appear, and
remain
Paul was hot in his winter coat and scarf.
We got lucky and won the game.
Are you OK? You seem sad.
I feel sick. I think I should go home.
The garbage smells bad. Could you take it out?
1. Adjectives can function
differently in different positions
2. Used as subject complements with be
or linking verbs such as feel, seem, smell,
taste, sound, become, get, appear, and
remain
Paul was hot in his winter coat and scarf.
be + adjective
We got lucky and won the game.
get(linking verb) + adjective
1. Adjectives can function
differently in different positions
2. Used as subject complements with be
or linking verbs such as feel, seem, smell,
taste, sound, become, get, appear, and
remain
Are you OK? You seem sad.
seem(linking verb) + adjective
1. Adjectives can function
differently in different positions
2. Used as subject complements with be
or linking verbs such as feel, seem, smell,
taste, sound, become, get, appear, and
remain
I feel sick. I think I should go home.
feel + adjective
The garbage smells bad. Could you take it
out? smell(linking verb) + adjective
1. Adjectives can function
differently in different positions
3. Used as object complements
The ice cream made the children happy.
It’s hot today, but the breeze keeps the
weather pleasant.
I don’t like to drink my coffee cold.
An extra sweater will keep you warm.
1. Adjectives can function
differently in different positions
3. Used as object complements
The ice cream made the children happy.
object + adjective
It’s hot today, but the breeze keeps the
weather pleasant.
object + adjective
1. Adjectives can function
differently in different positions
3. Used as object complements
An extra sweater will keep you warm.
object + adjective
I don’t like to drink my coffee cold.
object + adjective
2. Verbs in their participial form
can be used as adjectives.
2. The past participial form is used as an
adjective with a passive meaning.
We were so bored at the movie.
John is interested in art.
She was tired after gardening all day.
2. Verbs in their participial form
can be used as adjectives.
1. The present participial form is used as
an adjective with an active meaning.
This movie is so boring!
She read an exciting book.
It was a surprising decision.
Gardening is tiring work.
Unit 46 Adjectives II-Word Order
A specific order of adjectives is
followed.
1. Opinion adjectives usually come first.
Joe just read an interesting new book.
Did you see that beautiful black car
that just passed?
She starred in that awful Canadian
movie about horses.
Unit 46 Adjectives II-Word Order
A specific order of adjectives is followed.
2. The order usually follows a pattern.
determiner
opinion
a
funny
an
interesting
size
shape
a dozen
large
beautiful
qualifier
noun
movie
French
chair
leather
clothing
stores
eggs
brown
oak
antique
1970s
huge
material
local
round
his/her
This/
that
origin
red
small
bad
color
old
two
some/
a few
age
table
novels
American
wooden
house
Unit 46 Adjectives II-Word Order
3. When two or more adjectives with the
same descriptive purpose are used, they
are usually separated by a comma.
Kara is a lovely, caring person.
I saw a great, funny movie last night.
Marc’s soft, comfortable couch made me
fall asleep.
Unit 46 Adjectives II-Word Order
4. For size adjectives, length adjectives
come before width.
The suspect is a tall, fat man.
First Avenue is a long, wide street.
Julie is the short, thin woman talking to
Paul.
Unit 46 Adjectives II-Word Order
5. More than two color adjectives are
separated by and (commas in a list).
We have a blue, green, and tan tablecloth.
He took some nice black and white
photos.
She wore a gold, red, ivory, and black
dress.
Essential Grammar
Unit 47,48,49,50
Adverbs
47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction
I. Forms of Adverbs
1. Adverbs modify verbs. Add –ly to an
adjective.
loud-loudly
smooth-smoothly
nice-nicely
2. ends in –y, drop –y and add –ily.
ends in –ble, drop e and add –y.
heavy-heavily, busy-busily
capable-capably
47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction
II. Adverbs of Manner
1. Describes how or in what manner
something happens. Mostly formed with
an adjective + -ly
I ate quickly, and now my stomach hurts.
The evening was great, but it ended
badly.
We walked carefully across the ice.
It had started to snow lightly by the time
we went to bed.
47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction
2. Can be placed before or after the main
verb, after a helping verb, or at the
beginning or end of a clause or sentence
I quickly walked to class.
I walked quickly to class.
I was quickly walking to class when I saw you.
I was walking quickly to class when I saw you.
Quickly, I walked to class.
I walked to class quickly.
I walked to class quickly so I wouldn’t be late.
47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction
3. Some irregular forms are fast, well and
hard. These can only be placed after the
main verb or object of the verb.
He is a fast swimmer.
He swims fast.
I am a good singer.
I sing popular songs well, but I can’t sing
opera.
Physics is a hard subject to understand.
Shelley studied hard for the test.
47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction
III Adverbs of Place and Direction
1. Describe where or in what direction an
action happens. Most do not end in –ly.
The plane flew high above the clouds.
They drove north.
She walks home from school at 4 p.m.
Mom was reading downstairs.
47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction
2. Put only after the main verb. With a
direct object, put the adverb after the
object.
The stairs go down to the basement.
We live here.
John threw the ball up into the air.
We moved the tree there.
47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction
3. Some adverbs of direction end in the
suffix –ward.
The wind is blowing eastward.
They had been traveling northward for
several days.
We flew upward in a hot-air balloon.
48 Adverbs II-Time, Frequency, and Possibility
I. Adverbs of Time
1. Describe when an action happens.
We are moving today.
We will move tomorrow.
We moved yesterday.
We will move soon.
We just moved to this city.
47 Adverbs II-Time, Frequency, and Possibility
2. Still-used in an affirmative sentence an
d indicates “up to the present time”.
Comes after the be-verb but before the
main verb and a negative auxiliary verb.
Judy still corresponds with her high
school friends.
Are they still living in Dallas?
Ellen is still friends with her college
roommate.
We still can’t keep in touch with Marco.
47 Adverbs II-Time, Frequency, and Possibility
3. yet-normally used in questions,
conditional clauses, and negative sentences,
and usually comes at the end of the
sentence.
Has he finished his homework yet?
He hasn’t finished his homework yet.
I’ll have to see if he has been prepared yet
.
47 Adverbs II-Time, Frequency, and Possibility
4. Already-used to say something has
happened sooner than expected. Usually
used in an affirmative sentence, but
sometimes used in a question to express
some surprise.
He
has already left for the next
destination.
Has your sister already returned home?
47 Adverbs II-Time, Frequency, and Possibility
5. Early, late – Adj and Adv forms are the
same. Lately-recently(최근에)=It has been
raining a lot recently
The early movie starts at 7 p.m.(adj)
We arrived early for the movie. (adv)
The late flight leaves at 11 p.m. (adj)
He arrived late for his flight. (adv)
47 Adverbs II-Time, Frequency, and Possibility
6. Ago- used to say how long before the
present and needs a simple past
Before-used to say how long before the
past with a past perfect tense
I met him three years ago for the first time.
Fidel told me that he had been to China
five months before.
II. Adverbs of Frequency
Describes how often an action happens.
Can begin a sentence, precede the main verb,
follow be, or end a sentence.
I always go to the same café for lunch.
She has frequently stayed out late.
You usually take the bus to work, don’t you?
He often surfs the web instead of working.
We leave work early sometimes.
Occasionally, they go downtown for dinner.
The meetings are rarely interesting.
He never works on Sundays.
2. Use ever and never for questions and
negative sentences.
Precede action verbs and follow be in the
simple tense. Precede the main verb(action
verbs and be) in perfect tense.
Did you ever see the movie Titanic?
Was she ever nice to you?
Have they ever been to Japan?
Mike never goes to the gym.
She is never quiet in movies.
They have never been to Europe.
III. Adverbs of Possibility
Describe how likely an action is to happen.
I will definitely finish this work by 6 pm.
She will certainly get the job.
She likely won’t eat these noodles. She is
allergic to eggs.
The price of oil will probably go up after the
hurricane hits.
Maybe it will rain tomorrow.
Perhaps we can spend our vacation in Hawaii
this year.
Unit 51 Comparatives
I. Comparatives Forms of Adjectives
1. Followed by than
Montreal is colder than Miami. (adj)
Sue’s bag is heavier than Lara’s bag. (adj)
Joe has one sister. She is younger.(than
Joe is implied)
Unit 51 Comparatives
2. one-syllable adjectives
two-syllable adjectives ending in –
y(change –y to –ier)
one-syllable adjectives with a vowel
followed by a single consonant (double the
consonant and add –er)
old-older, fast-faster, short-shorter
young-younger, cheap-cheaper, late-later
tall-taller, long-longer, nice-nicer
happy-happier, pretty-prettier
big-bigger, hot-hotter, fat-fatter
Unit 54 Coordinating Conjunctions
1. And
The rain stopped, and the sun came out.
Ezra ate the apple pie and the peach pie.
Melissa opened the door and walked in.
Unit 54 Coordinating Conjunctions
2. or, nor, neither
You can call me, or I’ll call you.
You can have the chocolate cake or the
vanilla cake.
I didn’t call her, nor her parents.
He neither greeted, smiled, nor spoke.
Unit 54 Coordinating Conjunctions
3. but, yet
We rented a car, but it was stolen.
It was snowing, yet the children were not
wearing mittens.
Kasper borrowed my notes but (he) never
returned them.
Unit 54 Coordinating Conjunctions
4. so, for
I needed to call a taxi, so I borrowed
someone’s phone.
The floor was dirty, so I vacuumed it.
Lenore wore a hat, for it was cold outside.
Unit 55 Subordinating Conjunctions
1. because, since, as
I called a taxi because I needed to get
home quickly.
Because guests were coming over, I
cleaned the house.
I took a nap since I was a little tired.
As the sun was shining bright, she put on
a straw hat.
Unit 55 Subordinating Conjunctions
2. although, though, while, whereas
Although his mother warned him not to, Darren went
skiing without a helmet.
Sara earned an A on her essay though she hadn’t
worked very hard on it.
While Katrina enjoys ice skating, Sergei prefers hockey.
Football is the most popular sport in the US, whereas
soccer is the most popular sport in the UK.
Unit 55 Subordinating Conjunctions
3. when, before, after, since, till, until
Since Chloe got her new bike , she’s been
riding everywhere.
The thieves escaped from the bank before
the police arrived.
Unit 55 Subordinating Conjunctions
4. if, unless, even if, whether
Even if Mercedes is really hungry, she
won’t eat meat.
My children refuse to go to sleep at night
unless I read them a story.
Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and
Conjunctive Adverbs
1. both A and B A와 B
2. not only A but (also) B
A뿐만 아니라 B 또한
Chen ate both rice and the bread.
Both Alice and Helen went to Hawaii.
Nigel likes not only Shakespeare but also Stephen
King.
Nigel likes not only Shakespeare but Stephen King,
too.
Nigel likes not only Shakespeare but Stephen King
as well.
Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and
Conjunctive Adverbs
2. Either A or B A이거나 B
We can either go to the park or stay
home.
Yuki can’t decide whether to study English
or Mandarin.
Neither the students nor the teacher can
read Mayan script.
Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and
Conjunctive Adverbs
3.
Either the doctor or the nurses write the
report.
Either the nurses or the doctor writes the
report.
Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and
Conjunctive Adverbs
II Conjunctive Adverbs
1. also, in addition, furthermore
We were tired; we also didn’t have
anything to eat.
Mary went shopping; in addition, she met
John for lunch.
Olivia was lost; furthermore, she didn’t
have a map with her.
Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and
Conjunctive Adverbs
2. however, instead, otherwise, conversely
Lu is quiet and reserved; however, she isn’
t shy!
I don’t like CDs; instead, I prefer the radio.
Sam has an early class; otherwise, he
would go out with us.
Milo is a morning person; conversely, his
wife is a night owl.
Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and
Conjunctive Adverbs
3. therefore, consequently
I’m a vegetarian; therefore, I don’t eat fish.
Trisha broke her foot; consequently, she
can’t go skating.
Unit 59 Verb+Preposition
1. about
complain~ ~에 대하여 불평하다
dream~ ~에 대하여 꿈꾸다
hear~ ~에 대하여 듣다
read~ ~에 대하여 읽다
talk~ ~에 대하여 이야기하다
tell~
~에 대하여 이야기하다
think~ ~에 대하여 생각하다
warn~ ~에 대하여 경고하다
Unit 59 Verb+Preposition
2. at
glance~ ~을 힐끗보다
laugh~ ~을 비웃다
look~ ~을 보다
smile~ ~을 보고 미소짓다
stare~ ~을 응시하다
throw~ ~에게 달려들다
yell~
~에게 고함치다
Unit 59 Verb+Preposition
3. for
apologize~~에 대해 사과하다
apply~ ~에 지원하다
ask~ ~에 대해 묻다
blame~ ~에 대해 비난하다
call~ ~을 필요로 하다, ~을 청하다
hope~ ~에 대해 희망하다
Unit 59 Verb+Preposition
look~ ~을 찾다
pay~ ~을 지불하다
search~ ~을 찾다
wait~ ~을 기다리다
watch~ ~가만히 기다리다
wish~ ~을 바라다
Unit 59 Verb+Preposition
4. into
bump~ ~와 마주치다
cut~ ~에 끼어들다
divide~ ~으로 나누다
put~ ~에 들어가다
run~ 우연히 만나다
walk~ ~에 빠지다, ~안으로 들어가다
Unit 59 Verb+Preposition
5. of
accuse~ ~로 고소하다
approve~ ~을 승인하다
consist~ ~으로 구성하다
dream~ ~을 꿈꾸다
smell~ ~의 냄새가 나다
think~ ~에 대해 생각하다
Unit 59 Verb+Preposition
6. on
concentrate~ ~에 대해 집중하다
depend~ ~에 의지하다
insist~ ~를 주장하다
live~ ~을 먹고 살다
rely~ ~에 의지하다
spend~ ~에 쓰다
Unit 59 Verb+Preposition
7. to
invite~ ~에 초대하다
happen~ ~에게 일어나다
listen~ ~을 듣다
speak~ ~와 이야기를 하다
talk~ ~에게 말을 걸다
throw~ ~에 내던지다
Unit 60 Adjective+Preposition
1. about
angry~ ~에 화나다
annoyed~ ~에 난처해하다
excited~ ~에 대해 흥분하다
furious~ ~에 격노하다
sorry~ ~에 대해 유감스럽다
upset~ ~에 대해 언짢다
worried~ ~에 대해 걱정하다
Unit 60 Adjective+Preposition
2. at
amazed~ ~에 놀라다
angry~ ~에 화나다
bad~ ~에 능숙하지 않다
excellent~ ~에 뛰어나다
good~ ~에 능숙하다
shocked~ ~에 충격을 받다
surprised~ ~에 놀라다
talented~ ~에 재능이있다
Unit 60 Adjective+Preposition
3. for
famous~ ~에 대해 유명하다
known~ ~로 알려졌다
prepared~ ~에 대해 준비하다
qualified~ ~에 대해 자격을 갖추다
responsible~ ~에 대해 책임을 지다
sorry~ ~에 대해 미안하게 생각하다
Unit 60 Adjective+Preposition
4. of
aware~ ~을 알다
capable~ ~을 할 수 있다
envious~ ~을 부러워하다
intelligent~ ~을 알다
jealous~ ~을 질투하다
kind~ ~친절하다
Unit 60 Adjective+Preposition
nice~ ~해주어 고맙다
polite~ ~에 예의가 바르다
proud~ ~에 대해 자랑스럽게 여기다
rude~ ~에 버릇이 없다
sensible~ ~을 알아차리다
stupid~ ~에 어리석다
tired~ ~에 피곤하다
Unit 60 Adjective+Preposition
5. to
cruel~~에 잔인하다
friendly~ ~에 다정하다
kind~ ~에 친절하다
mean~ ~에 무례하다
nice~ ~에 친절하다
rude~ ~에 버릇없다, 무례하다
Unit 60 Adjective+Preposition
6. with
angry~ ~에 화나다
annoyed~ ~에 짜증나다
bored~ ~에 지루하다
crowded~ ~으로 복잡하다
delighted~ ~로 기쁘다
disgusted~ ~를 혐오하다, 넌더리가 나다
satisfied~ ~에 만족하다
upset~ ~에 화나다
Unit 61