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NUREMBERG TRIALS
A tribunal established in the German city of Nuremberg by Great Britain, France, the
Soviet Union and the United States, to bring to trial those war criminals whose actions
during the Second World War were deemed to be international crimes against humanity.
Many were brought to trial and some sentenced to death. Another tribunal was
established in Japan to try Japanese war criminals. Other nations brought to trial those
thought to be guilty of war crimes against citizens of one nation. Israel, for example,
brought Adolf Eichmann, a major figure in the organization of the Holocaust, to trial in
1960, found him guilty and he was hanged. See: WAR CRIMES / .
OBJECTIVITY
This term is used in two distinct but related ways. The first refers to the actions of a
social scientist: assuming a position of disinterestedness or impartiality, or being openminded in the assessment of evidence. Objectivity is thought to be central to the
procedures of the scientific method. The second meaning refers to the nature of the
statements people make: a statement can be objective as opposed to the scientist being
objective. An objective statement is one which can be agreed upon by others regardless
of their backgrounds or biases.
OCCUPATIONAL CRIME
White-collar crime committed by an individual or group of individuals exclusively for
personal gain. The distinction between this crime and organizational crime is difficult to
maintain.
OCCUPATIONAL DISTANCE
This is the distance between one occupation and another where occupations are ranked on
a hierarchy of status. The concept is central to studies of social mobility because it
permits some measurement of the extent of mobility. For example, to change one's
occupation from unskilled labour to semi-skilled labour involves less occupational
distance than to move from unskilled labour to professional accountant. Occupational
distance is therefore an important measurement in determining the relevance of social
mobility. See: SOCIAL MOBILITY / DEMAND MOBILITY / .
OCTOBER CRISIS
On October 5, 1970 the Front De Liberation Du Quebec (FLQ) kidnapped James Cross,
the British Trade Commission in Montreal and on October 10, Pierre Laporte Minister of
Labour in the government of Quebec. The federal government, led by Pierre Trudeau,
invoked the War Measures Act and armed soldiers entered the province of Quebec.
Laporte was murdered the next day. Over 450 persons were detained in Quebec, few of
whom were charged. Cross was released in exchange for safe passage to Cuba for the
kidnappers. The government's handling of the kidnapping and subsequent events were
extremely controversial
OECD
Canada is a member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,
formed in 1961, along with most other industrialized ‘free market’ nations.