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Sociology What is sociology? The study of _________________________ and _____________________________ The study of society What do sociologists look at? Focus on ______________________________ How people relate to one another and influence others ___________________ Examine social phenomena Look at _____________________________ or _____________ that involve society Sociological Imagination * Development of Sociology 1800s rapid growth of cities due to ______________________ - increase in ____________________ - housing shortages Realized that ____________________ was impacting the individual These social changes led scholars to start analyzing _________________ effect on an _______________ Auguste Comte French philosopher Founder of sociology as a distinct subject Focused on ____________________ and _________________________ Believed certain processes called ______________________________________ held society together Society changes through definite processes called ________________________________ Uncover social statics and dynamics through ____________________________ and that knowledge can be used to reform society Harriet Martineau British writer Wrote ________________________________ Went to US to look at rather it lived up to its promise of ____________________ Reported on marriage, ________________, race relations, __________________, and religion Believed scholars should _________________________ to solve the problems they studied Spoke out in favor of women’s rights, _____________________________, and an end to slavery Herbert Spencer Believed society is a set of ____________________________ that work together to maintain the system Considered social change and unrest to be natural occurrences as society evolves toward ____________ __________________________ - the fittest societies would survive over time leading to a better society Believed the best aspects of society would survive over time Karl Marx Believed that the structure of a society is influenced by how it’s ______________________ is organized Believed that a society’s economic system strongly influenced its ___________________________ Emphasized that _____________________ was the primary cause of social change This thought led to ___________________________ Karl Marx: Capitalists v. Workers Believed in 2 classes _____________________ own materials and methods to produce _____________________ own the labor to produce Imbalance in power would lead to _____________________ and end when ________________ overthrow those in power Workers would build a __________________ society where citizens contribute based on ability and rewarded according to needs Emile Durkheim Developed first university sociology course at University of Bordeaux First to apply methods of __________________ to study societies __________________ - consequence that an element of society produces for the maintenance of a social system Example: Interested in function of religion to maintain ______________________ Believed shared ____________ and ______________ were the glue that held a society together Believed sociologists should only study features of society that were ____________________ Max Weber Interested in separate groups within a society rather than in society as a whole Focused on the effect of __________________ on an individual Study what can be observed as well as people’s ___________________ and __________________ Developed the concept of the _______________________ The essential characteristics of a feature of society Jane Addams Opened a settlement house in Chicago called ___________________________ Offered welfare, educational, and recreational services for the __________________ Wanted to solve the problems of the poor so surveyed the poor to gain a better understanding W.E.B. DuBois Studied societies by mixing social analysis with ___________________________ Helped found the ________________________ Studied the significance of __________________ in American society Theoretical Perspectives Sociologists develop theories to provide guidance in their work and help them _________________ their findings Develop theoretical perspectives (school of thought) which are a general set of _______________ about the nature of things What perspective do you take? Functionalist Perspective View society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce _________________________ People agree on what is best for society and work together to ensure social system runs smoothly Positive functions: ____________________, religion, ____________________, and the economy Label some things ____________________ because not everything runs smoothly Dysfunction - _________________________ an element has for the stability of a social system Example: Manifest v. Latent Functions ___________________ - intended and recognized consequence of some element of society Example: ___________________ - unintended or unrecognized consequence of an element of society Example: Conflict Perspective Focus on the forces of society that promote ________________________ and _____________________ Interested in how those who possess ___________ in society exercise control over those with less _____ Topics: decision-making in the family, relationships among racial groups, disputes between __________ __________________ over scarce resources is the basis for social conflict Group with control over society’s resources establishes _______ and ____________ to protect interests Conflict theorists see change as inevitable ___________________________ - part of conflict perspective because it focuses on area of inequality Believed society created _____________ inequality Interactionist Perspective Focuses on how individuals __________________ with one another Interested in the ways individuals respond to one another in everyday situations Interested in meanings individuals attach to own _____________ and ____________ of others Used to study: _____________________, child development, and relationships in small groups Interactionist Symbols Interested in role of symbols in daily life Example: statue of liberty – __________________________ - interaction among people that takes place through the use of symbols 3 elements: meaning, language, and __________________ 1) Respond to things based on meaning 2) Meanings come from interaction through _______________ 3) Individual adjusts meanings through thought Social interaction involves individuals defining and ____________________ each others actions