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Chapter 1
Classification
Where on Earth do organisms live?
• The part of the earth that can support living things is
called the biosphere.
• The biosphere is composed of many different
environments including:
• 1. deserts
• 2. oceans
• 3. fields
• 4. beaches
• 5. backyards, sidewalks and streets
Interactions in the Biosphere
• Each organism in the biosphere interacts with
other organisms and the environment.
• These organisms produce a web of
interactions.
• Humans are an important part of the web of
interactions.
• The web is constantly changing.
• A small change in one part of the web can
produce a large change in another part.
Variety Among Living Things
• Organisms have many different body plans
and structures
• All organisms are alike in certain ways and
different in other ways.
• These differences allow for organisms to live
in almost every place on earth.
• Differences also enable each kind of organism
to survive in its particular environment.
Adaptations
• A characteristic that enables an organism to
live and reproduce in its environment is called
an adaptation.
-Spines on a cactus
-Hard shell on snails
-Fish have mouths designed for specific types of
food
-Blue tongued skink
-Quills on a porcupine
Species
• A group of very similar organisms whose
members can mate with one another and
produce offspring that are able to produce
offspring is called a species.
• Each species has a two part scientific name.
example:
- coccinella movemnotata (scientific name)
-red spotted ladybug beetle (common name)
• Individuals in the same species don’t often look
exactly alike
Similarities and Differences in Species
• Individuals of the same species have similar
body plans and structures.
• Individuals of the same species can be
different in size, color and shape.
• 99% of all species that have ever lived on
Earth no longer exist. Many of these
organisms have left no fossil record so that
scientists cannot identify them.
How do scientists group organisms?
Scientist sort organisms into groups with similar
characteristics.
• King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti
– Kingdom – Phylum
– Class
– Order
– Family
– Genus
– Species
Classification Systems
• Organisms are grouped by similarities
• Uniform way for scientists throughout the
world to refer to organisms.
• This system of classification was developed by
Carolus Linnaeus in the 1700’s.
• The classification system used by scientists
today consists of 6 kingdoms.
6 Kingdoms
• Archaebacteria – single celled organisms with no
nucleus – can grow in harsh environments
• Eubacteria – single celled organisms with no nucleus –
some can cause disease others are helpful
• Protists – many are food for other larger organisms
• Fungi – many celled organisms that grow in moist dark
places
• Plants - multi-cellular organisms that produce their
own food
• Animals – multi-cellular organisms that must find its
food
Bacteria &Protists
• All bacteria are single celled organisms
• All Bacteria have No Nucleus! (both plant and
animal cells contain a nucleus)
• Archaebacteria – bacteria that can live in
harsh environments
• Eubacteria – all other bacteria
• Protists – mostly single celled. All the cells
have a nucleus, ameba and algae are
examples.
Fungi
• Many celled organisms
• Grow in moist, dark places
• Mushrooms and molds have cells that are
connected by threadlike strands called hyphae.
• The hyphae take in nutrients for the organisms
from other organisms.
• Yeast is another type of fungus that are not
connected by hyphae.
• Fungi are not plants because they cannot make
their own food!
Plants
• Most living things gain energy either directly
or indirectly from plants.
• Plants also help to stabilize the Earth’s climate.
• All plants have cell walls and a nucleus.
• All plants can be divided into two groups:
– Vascular – have cells that form tubes that carry
water and nutrients throughout the plant.
– Nonvascular – do not have tubes to carry
materials. Materials pass through cell walls.
Animals
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All animals are multicellular.
Get their food by eating other organisms.
Animal cells contain a nucleus but no cell wall.
All animals can be divided into two groups:
– Vertebrates – animals that have a backbone.
– Invertebrate – animals without a backbone
About 95% of the all animal species on Earth are
invertebrates.
Animal Phyla
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Cnidarians – Corals, jellyfish, sea anemones
Mollusks – clams, squids, snails, and slugs
Segmented Worms – earthworm, leeches
Arthropods – spiders, crabs, and insects (All
insects are arthropods but not all arthropods
are insects)
• Echinoderms – sea stars, sea urchins, sea lilies
• Chordates – VERTEBRATES! Spinal cord & brain