Download SNC1D Periodic Table and Atomic Structure Package

SNC1DChemistryUnit
Date:_______________________________________
ThePeriodicTable:MetalsandNon-MetalsComparison
Asageneralrule,theperiodictableisarrangedwith______________towardtheleftside.
____________________aregenerallyfoundontherightsideofthetable.Theoneexceptionis
____________________whichisfoundinthetopleftcornerofthetable.
Ontheperiodictablebelow,colourinthedifferentareasforeachofthefollowing:
Metals,Nonmetals,Metalloids
Metals
Nonmetals
Metalloids
Ds
Rg
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm Sm
Eu
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm Yb
Lu
Th
Pa
U
Np
Am Cm Bk
Cf
Es
Fm Md No
Lr
Pu
Gd
ComparisonofMetalsandNonmetals
Property
Metals
Nonmetals
Lustre
Malleability
Conductivity
ReactivitywithAcid
StateatRoomTemperature Note:therearesomeelementsthatdonotfitthecategoriesabove.Theyareconsidered
______________________.Theseareelementsthathavepropertiesthataresimilartoboth
_________________and_______________________.Theyarelocatednearthe“staircase”.
SNC1DChemistryUnit
Date:________________________________________
InferringSymbolsofElements
Unlikethenamingoftheelements,thesystemfordeterminingthesymbolsfollowsasetofrules.In1817,thesystemof
chemicalsymbolsthatweusetodaywasfirstproposedbytheSwedishchemistJonsJakobBerzelius(1779-1848).
Eventuallythissystemwasacceptedallaroundtheworld.Itwasacceptednotonlybecauseitprovidedsymbolsforall
theknownelements,butalsobecauseitshowedhowtocreatesymbolsforanynewelementsthatmightbediscovered
later.Inthisactivity,youwillfindoutwhattheserulesarebyexaminingthesymbolsforcertainelements.
1. Kal’sbodymassis50kg.Mostofit(48kg)ismadeupofjustfourelements:hydrogen(H),oxygen(O),
carbon(C)andnitrogen(N).Thesymbolsfortheseelementsareinparentheses.
(a) WhatruledoyouthinkBerzeliususedtocreatethesesymbols?Write“Rule1”downinthespacebelow.
Rule#1:__________________________________________________________________________
(b) Kai’sbodycontainslessthan1goftheelementiodine.Userule1toinferthechemicalsymbolfor
iodine.Useyourperiodictabletocheckyourinference. Symbolforiodine:____________
2. About1kgofcalciumisdistributedthroughoutKal’sbones,teethandblood.
(a) IfyouusedRule1toworkoutasymbolforcalcium,whatwouldthesymbolbe?______________
(b) Whatelementalreadyhasthissymbol?______________________
(c) Refertoyourperiodictable.Whatistheactualsymbolforcalcium?____________
(d) Infertherulethatwasusedtocreatethesymbolforcalcium.Writeitdownas“Rule2”.
Rule#2:__________________________________________________________________________
3. Severalelementnamesbeginwith“b”.
(a) Theelementboroncanbeusedtomakesiliconcomputerchipsconductmoreelectricity.Boron’s
symbolisB.IsthissymbolbasedonRule1orRule2?________________
(b) Inferlikelysymbolsfor(i)barium___________
(ii)beryllium___________
(iii)bismuth___________ (iv)bromine___________
Whichruledidyouuse?Explainwhy?__________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
(c) In1947chemistsinBerkeley,Californiamanufacturedanewelementandnameditberkelium.Referto
yourperiodictable.Whatisthesymbolforberkelium?______________
(d) Infertherulethatwasusedtocreatethesymbolforberkelium.Writeitdownas“Rule3”.
Rule#3:__________________________________________________________________________
4. ThesevenmetalsknowntotheancientswerecalledbytheirLatinnamesforcenturies:argentumforsilver,
aurumforgold,cuprumforcopper,ferrumforiron,hydragyrumformercury,plumbumforlead,and
stannumfortin.
(a) Infersymbolsforthesemetals.Useyourperiodictabletocheckforyourinferences.
silver___________
gold___________
copper___________ mercury___________
lead___________
tin___________
iron___________
(b) Inferwhichmetalwasprobablyusedforwaterpipesinancienttimes.Explainhowitsnamehelpedyou
makeyourinference.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Date:________________________________________
TheoriesofAnAtom
AnIndivisibleParticle–TheAtom
Around400BCE,Democritusproposed(withoutexperimentalevidence)thatatomsare:
•
•
•
Earth,Water,AirandFire:Aristotle
Aristotlerejectedtheideaofthe__________.Hesupportedanearliertheorythatallmatterismadeup
offourbasicsubstances:_________________,_______________,________________and
_________________.
Aristotle’stheoryofthestructureofmatterwasacceptedforalmost___________________________.
TheBilliardBallModel
Proposedby_________________________________in__________.Heproposedthat:
•
•
•
•
Dalton’smodelwasunabletoexplain:____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Thomson’sExperiments–TheElectron
In1897Thomsondiscoveredthat:________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Theseparticleswereeventuallycalled_______________.Thomsontheorizedthat:
•
•
•
TheGoldFoilExperiment–TheNucleusandtheProton
AsummaryofRutherford’s1909goldfoilexperiment:________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Rutherford’srevisedmodeloftheatom:
•
•
•
Rutherforddiscoveredthe_____________________in____________.Whatisaproton?___________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Practice - Development of the Atomic Theory
Readpp.228-233inyourtextbook.Matcheachnamewiththeappropriatedescriptionbelow.Eachname
maybeusedmorethanonce.
(A)Aristotle (B)JohnDalton
(C)ErnestRutherford
(D)Democritus
(E)J.J.Thomson
(F)DmitriMendeleev
1.
Discoveryoftheelectron
2.
Discoveryoftheproton
3.
Theorythatanatomismostlyemptyspace
4.
Gold-foilexperimentprovidingevidenceofthenucleusinanatom
5.
Hypothesis(inthe1800s)thatallmatterismadeupofindivisibleatoms
6.
Organizationofelementsintheperiodictableaccordingtotheirpropertiesand
atomicnumbers
7.
Predictionofthepropertiesofelementsunknownatthattime
8.
Hypothesisthatallatomsofanelementareidentical
9.
Ideathatanatomispositivelychargedsphere,withelectronsevenlydistributed
throughoutit,liketheraisinsinaplumpudding
10.
Hypothesisthatatomsofdifferentelementsaredifferent
11.
Demonstratedthatthenucleusofanatomcontainsmostofitsmassandispositively
charged
12.
Theoryofan“indivisible”atom
13.
Claimthatallmatterismadefromearth,water,airandfire
SNC1D Date:
IntheyearsafterJohnDalton’smodelwasaccepted,twodiscoveriesaboutatomswere:
a.Therearesmallerpiecesthatmakeupatomscalled________________________________________.
b.Thereare________________________________withinatoms
Themodelhadtoberevised.EventuallyNielsBohrandErnestRutherfordproposedtheirownmodel.
BOHR-RUTHERFORDMODELOFTHEATOM
ü Anatomisthoughttoconsistofthreetypesofsubatomicparticles:
________________________,_________________________and___________________________.
ü Mostofthemassofanatomisconcentratedinaverydensecorecalledthe__________________,
whichcontains_______________________and__________________________.
SUMMARYOFSUBATOMICPARTICLES:
subatomicparticlesð
PROTON
NEUTRON
ELECTRON
RELATIVEMASS
almostzero
RELATIVECHARGE
ü _________________________arethoughttomoverapidlyaroundthenucleusinorbits(likeplanets
aroundtheSun)
ü____________________and________________________haveequal(insize)butopposite(insign)
charges.
CHARGEDATOMS
Ifanatomiselectricallyneutralithasequalnumbersof__________________and_________________
Sometimesatomsgainorlose_______________.
WhenthenumberofprotonsandthenumberofelectronsareNOTequaltheatomischargedandis
calledan________.
Forexample:
numberofprotons
numberofelectrons
netcharge
3
3
25
23
33
36
ATOMICSYMBOLS
mass number
⎯⎯→ A q (charge)
X
atomic number ⎯⎯→ Z
For example :
25
2+
12 Mg F Theatomicnumber,(Z),tellsthenumberof___________________inanatomandalwaysidentifies
theelement.(Intheexampleabove,theatomicnumber=________=numberof_______________)
F Themassnumber,(A),revealsthetotalnumberof__________________+__________________.
(Intheexampleabove,thenumberofneutrons=___________ )
Intheexampleabove,thecharge,+2,meanstheatomofMghastwomore_________________thanit
has_________________.
Example#2:
massnumber=____________,atomicnumber=___________,netcharge=___________
numberofprotons=_______,numberofneutrons=_______,numberofelectrons=_______
ISOTOPES
F Sometimesatomsofthesameelementhavedifferent_________________.Thesearecalledisotopes.
Forexample:
FthesetwoatomsofMghavethesamenumberof___________________butdifferentnumberof
________________.
PRACTICE:
nameof
element
symbol
atomic
number
mass
number
numberof
protons
numberof
neutrons
numberof
electrons
netcharge
oxygen
15
0
21
18
+2
35
80
36
Practice: Atomic Structure
SNC1D
Name of element
a
beryllium
b
oxygen
nuclear
symbol
A
z
X
Atomic
Mass
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
of
of
of
protons
10
4
Be
17
−2
Si
d
16
33
18
e
30
f
66
manganese
29
nickel
+4
45
−1
36
0
30
+3
Hg
0
l
200
m
15
potassium
17
46
116
50
p
79
0
26
0
14
silver
104
+2
?
q
?
+1
18
40
o
0
+2
198
k
r
30
35
i
n
26
53
h
j
Charge
30
14
c
g
neutrons electrons
Net
12
0
+1
Note:thetopnumberistheatomic
numberforeachelement.
SNC1D
Date:
Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams
H
Helium has
two electrons
paired up.
ThePeriodicTable(firsteighteenelements)
Instructions:DrawBohr-RutherfordDiagramsbyusingtheperiodictableto
determinethenumberofprotonsinthenucleusofeachatom
(writenumberofprotonsinthenucleusanddrawelectronshellsaroundit)
1p+
He
2p+
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
Group 1
Group 2
Alkali
metals
Alkaline
earth
metals
Group 13
Group 14
Group 15
Group 16
Group 17
Group 18
Halogens
Noble
gases
Bohr-Rutherford Diagram Questions:
1. a.Inwhichgrouparesodium,lithiumandpotassiumlocated?Givethegroup#andchemicalfamilyname.
b.Howmanyelectronsareintheouter(valence)shellofsodium,lithiumandpotassium?
2. a.Inwhichgrouparefluorineandchlorinelocated?Givethegroup#andchemicalfamilyname.
b.Howmanyelectronsareintheouter(valence)shelloffluorineandchlorine?
3.a.Whichelementshavecompleteouter(valence)shells?Givethenameandsymbolforeach:
b.Whatchemicalfamilydotheseelementsbelongto?
4.Examinetheothergroups,whatgeneralstatementcanbemadewithregardstothegroupnumberandthe
numberofelectronsintheouter(valence)shell?
5.a.Inwhichperiodarehydrogenandheliumlocated?
b.Howmanyshellsofelectronsareintheatomsofhydrogenandhelium?
6.a.Inwhichperiodarelithium,beryllium,boron,carbon,nitrogen,oxygen,fluorineandneonlocated?
b.HowmanyshellsofelectronsdotheaboveatomshaveintheirBohr-Rutherforddiagram?
7.Ingeneral,whatistherelationshipbetweentheperiodnumberandthenumberofshellsofelectrons?
8.Predictthenumberofvalenceelectronsforeachelementbasedontheinformationgivenbelow:
a.potassiumisfoundingroup1
#ofvalenceelectrons:______
b.bromineisahalogen
#ofvalenceelectrons:______
c.bariumisanalkalineearthmetal
#ofvalenceelectrons:______
Date:________________________________________
ProducingandTestingGases
Purpose:Touseasetofstandardteststhatwillpositivelyidentifydifferentgases
Materials:testtubes,woodensplints,candle,limewater,avarietyofchemicals
TESTFOROXYGEN
ResultofSplintTest:
ChemicalReaction:thebreakdownofhydrogenperoxide
Observations:
Apparatustotestforoxygen(drawing&description):
TESTFORHYDROGEN
ResultofSplintTest:
ChemicalReaction:reactionofzinc+sulfuricacid
Observation:
Apparatustotestforhydrogen(drawing&description):
TESTFORCARBONDIOXIDE
Resultoflimewatertest:
ChemicalReaction:carbondioxide+limewater(asolutionofcalciumhydroxide)
Apparatustotestforcarbondioxide(drawing&description):
Questions:
1.Whatphysicalpropertiesdothethreegases(O2,H2,CO2)share?
2.Howcanyoutellbychemicalpropertiesthatthethreegases(O2,H2,CO2)arenotthesame?
Application:
3. Oneofthegasescanbeusedinfireextinguishers.Whichoneandwhy?
4. Anothergaswasusedformanyyearstoaidinthefloatingoftransportationballoons.Whichone?Whyisthisgasnot
usedtoday?
5. Anothergasisusedtoassistthebreathingofmanypatientsinhospitals.Whichone?
SNC1DChemistryUnit Date:___________________________________
C he m icalForm ula Recall:eachelementhasitsownchemicalsymbol.
Eachcompoundhasitsownchemicalformula.Aformulatellsustwoveryimportantthingsabouta
compound:
1.the________________thecompoundismadeof
2.thenumberof_____________ofeachelementofthecompound
Example#1:TheformulafortablesaltisNaCl.
• Naisthesymbolfor_________________.
• Clisthesymbolfor________________.
OneunitofNaClhasatotalof_____atoms.Oneoftheatomsissodium(Na).Theotheratomischlorine
(Cl).
Sometimesasymbolhasasmallnumberwrittennexttoit.Thisnumber,calledthe_______________,
tellsusthenumberofatomsthereareofthatelement.
Example#2:TheformulaforwaterisH2O.
• H2meanstwoatomsof_________________.
• Oisthesymbolfor________________.
OnemoleculeofH2O,then,hasatotalof_____atoms.Twooftheatomsarehydrogen.Oneatomis
oxygen.
Note:Theformulaforacompoundisalwaysthesame.Achangeintheformulameansthatanew
substancewasformed.
Practice:
Formula
KCl
Picture
Fe2O3
H2SO4
Name
Numberof
Elements
Namesofthe
elements
Numberof
Atomsof
EachElement
TotalNumber
ofAtoms
potassium
chloride
ironoxide
(rust)
sulfuricacid
sodium
hydrogen
carbonateor
sodium
bicarbonate
(bakingsoda)
NaHCO3
Exercise:
Completethechartbyfillinginthemissinginformation.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.
Formula
Name
Numberof
Elements
Namesofthe
elements
NumberofAtoms
ofEachElement
TotalNumberof
Atoms
1.MgO
magnesiumoxide
2
magnesium
oxygen
1
1
2
2.CO
carbonmonoxide
3.CO2
carbondioxide
4.NH3
ammonia
5.H2CO3
hydrogen
carbonate
(carbonicacid)
6.C6H12O6
glucose
7.MgSO4
magnesiumsulfate
(Epsomsalt)
8.NaOH
sodiumhydroxide
9.H2O2
hydrogenperoxide
10.C12H22O11
sucrose
(tablesugar)
SNC1DChemistryUnit
Date:_______________________________
Investigation:ChemicalFormulae
Inthisactivityyouwillfindoutmoreaboutdifferentchemicalformulaeandwhattheycantellus
aboutdifferentsubstances.
Part1:FormulasforMolecularCompounds
ThinkAboutIt
Manycompoundsaremadeofmolecules.Examplesincludewater,carbondioxide,propane,and
glucose(sugar).Interprettheformulasforthesecompoundsbyusingthefirstlineofthistableasa
guide.
Nameof
Formulaof
ElementsPresent
HowManyAtomsofEach?
Compound
Molecule
2atomsofH
water
H2O
hydrogen,oxygen
1atomofO
carbondioxide CO2
propane
C 3 H8 glucose
C6H1206
WhattoDo
Basedinthetableabove,howmanyatoms,intotalarepresentinthefollowingmolecules?
a)onewatermolecule
b)onecarbondioxidemolecule
c)onepropanemolecule
d)oneglucosemolecule
Part2:FormulasforNonmolecularCompounds(example:saltcrystals)
ThinkAboutIt
Notallcompoundsaremadeofmolecules.Forexample,sodiumchloride(tablesalt)doesnotcontain
independentsaltmolecules.Thefollowingrepresentativemodel(seenextpage)showsapartofasalt
crystal.Itshowsthepositionoftheatomsinthesaltcrystal,butitdoesnotshowwhatthecrystal
actuallylookslike.Examinethemodelcarefullytoseehowthetwoelementsarearranged.
Pleaseturnover.
ThesymbolforsodiumisNa.Thesodiumatomsare
blackinthismodel.
ThesymbolforchlorineisCl.Thechlorineatomsare
white.
WhattoDo
1)Countthetotalnumberofatomsofeachelement
thatarerepresentedinthemodel.
a)Intotal,howmanysodiumatomsarerepresented?______
b)Intotal,howmanychlorineatomsarerepresented?______
2)Completethefollowingstatements.
a)Themodelhas1Naatomforevery_____Cl.(Choose1,2,3,or6.)
b)Themodelhas1Clatomforevery_____Na.(Choose1,2,3,or6.)
c)TheratioofNatoClinthemodelis_______.(Choose1:1,1:2,1:3,1:6)
3)Thecompoundrepresentedinthemodelissodiumchloride.
a)WriteaformulathatshowseveryNaandClinthemodel.
b)TheformulaforsodiumchlorideisnormallywrittenasNaCl.Isthisanaccuratedescriptionofthe
compound?Explain.
Part3:FormulasforMolecularElements(example:hydrogen)
Thinkaboutit
Someelementsexistasmolecules(twoatomsbondedtogether)underordinaryconditions.For
example,theairyouinhalewitheverybreathismostlyamixtureoftwocompoundsandtwoelements.
Thesearelistedinthetablebelow.Fillinthemissingboxesinthetable.Thefirstoneisdoneforyou.
NameofGas
Compoundor
Madeof
Formula?
NumberofAtoms
Element?
Molecules?
perMolecule
watervapour
compound
yes
H2O
3
carbondioxide
oxygen
yes
yes
CO2
O2 nitrogen
element
yes
2
Oxygenandnitrogenexistasdiatomicmoleculesintheair.Diatomicmoleculesaremoleculesmade
upoftwoatomsofthesameelement.Otherexamplesinclude:hydrogen,fluorine,chlorine,bromine
andiodine.
SNC1D
Date:
Chemistry Test Review
____________________________
TestDate:
Bringtothetest:apencil,eraser,penandawell-restedbrain.NOTE:Onlythesymbolsandatomicnumberswill
beprovidedontheperiodictablegiventoyouonthetest.
AstudentinMr.Masri’sGrade9Scienceclassshouldbefamiliarwith:
1. Distinguishbetweenandidentify:homogenousvsheterogenousmatter;physicalvschemicalchange;physical
vschemicalproperties.(pg.179–185)
2. Describethedifferencebetween:amixtureandapuresubstance;amechanicalmixtureandasolution.(pg.176)
3. Identifythepartsofasolution:soluteandsolvent.
4. DistinguishbetweenthePureSubstances:elementsandcompounds(pp.175)
5. ThePeriodicTable(pg.211-214)
a)knowwhatgroupshaveelementsthatarethemostreactiveandunreactive
b)differentiatebetweenperiodsandgroups
c)thechemicalsymbolsandnamesfortheselectedelements(seehandout)
d)differentiatebetweenmetals,metalloidsandnon-metals(i.e.theircharacteristics)
6.Identifythemajorcontributionstotheunderstandingoftheatombythefollowingscientists/philosophers:
Democritus,Aristotle,Dalton,ThomsonandRutherford(Note:youarenotresponsiblefordatesofexperiments)
7.AtomicStructure(pg.234-235)
a)knowhowprotons,neutronsandelectronscompareastocharge,massandlocationintheatom
b)knowwhatatomicnumbertellsyou
c)knowwhatmassnumbertellsyou
25
d)obtaininformationaboutatomsfromsymbolslike: 12
Mg aboutthenumberofprotons,neutronsandelectrons
e)beabletodescribethemeaningofaneutralatom,anionandanisotopeofanatom
8.Determineinformationfromchemicalformulaeofcompounds(i.e.numberofatomsofeachelement)
9.Bohr-Rutherforddiagrams(pg.236)–knowhowtodrawdiagramsforthefirsteighteen(18)elements
10.DescribetheStandardGasTestsforHydrogen,OxygenandCarbonDioxide
Studytips:Readthroughyourclassnotesandtextreferences.Trymakingpointformnotestosummarize
thetopics.
Suggestedreviewquestionsintextbook(multiplechoice,T/F,shortanswer):
p.205#1–5,11,14
p.248Q#1,2,4,5
p.250Q#1,4,7–10,14
p.282Q#1,3
p.288Q#3,6–10,14,19,20,21
Completeextrareviewquestionsonthebackofthesheet.
Extrareviewquestions:
1.Groupsontheperiodictable:
a. wherearethenoblegasesfoundontheperiodictable:
Group#:
b. giveanexampleofanoblegas
__________________________
c. wherearethealkalimetalsfoundontheperiodictable:
Group#:
d. giveanexampleofanalkalimetal __________________________
e. wherearethehalogensfoundontheperiodictable:
Group#:
f. giveanexampleofanhalogen
g. describethereactivityofthefollowinggroupsofelements:
i)
noblegases
(reactiveorunreactive)?
ii)
alkalimetals(reactiveorunreactive)?
iii)
halogens
(reactiveorunreactive)?
2.Sucroseisacompound.ThechemicalformulaforsucroseisC12H22O11.
Nameofelementspresent
Numberofatomsofeachelement
3.Theatomismadeupofthreesmallparticles,completethechartbelow:
Partsoftheatom
RelativeLocation
Electriccharge
4.Fillintheinformationaboutatomsinthetablebelow:
ELEMENT
NAME
SYMBOL
ATOMIC
NUMBER
MASS
NUMBER
numberof
PROTONS
numberof
NEUTRONS
numberof
ELECTRONS
Netcharge
fluorine
9
10
0
phosphorus
31
18
23
11
Na +
5.Manyscientistshavefurtheredourknowledgeofthestructureoftheatom.Summarizethecontributionsof
thefollowingscientistsorphilosophersonaseparatesheetofpaper:
a)Democritus
b)Aristotle
c)Dalton
d)J.J.Thomson
e)Rutherford
6.DrawtheBohr-Rutherforddiagramofargon.