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Quantum numbers • Main quantum number, n n = 1, 2, 3, … (equals the period or row in the periodic table) • orbital quantum number, l l = 0, 1, 2, …, n-1 (angular momentum of electron) l=0 s-orbital, l = 1 p-orbital • magnetic quantum number, ml ml = -l, -l+1, …, l-1, l (“not all porbitals are created equal”) • spin quantum number, s s = +½, -½ (“up” and “down” ) • electron configuration is commonly listed in periodic tables Syntax: nlx, with x = # of electrons • Carbon: (1s2) 2s2, 2p2; Sulfur: (…), 3s2, 3p4 • Homework: write down the electron configurations of N, O, Cl why do halogens (X) form X2 in the gas phase? why do the alkali metals (Li, Na, ….) do so too? Selection rules • Pauli (exclusion) Principle “No two electrons in an atom (or molecule) can have the exact same quantum numbers” • Hund’s Rule(s) “Orbitals with the same potential energy get singly occupied first” • Angular momentum conservation is valid for electrons in atoms and molecules • The photon has a spin of 1 Russel-Saunders Terms • Russel-Saunders Terminology – describes the (ground) state orbital and total electron spin via 2S+1L spin multiplicity orbital angular momentum – S = s , L = max(| ml|) • Hund’s 1st rule – the ground state is the state with the maximum spin multiplicity • Hund’s 2nd rule – For the same spin multiplicity, the state with higher L is more stable • Examples: C 3P, O 3P MO-Theory • Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory – is an easy to apply method of creating molecular orbitals that helps us to characterize/understand simple multiatom molecules – uses linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO); x atomic orbitals combine to x molecular orbitals – is mathematically imprecise but chemically highly successful, and graphically simple because intuitive – Syntax: • radially symmetric molecular orbitals are named (sigma) orbitals • rotationally symmetric molecular orbitals are named (pi) orbitals • a “b” stands for bonding, a “*” for anti-bonding • non-bonding molecular orbitals are named “n” LCAO of s- and p-orbitals LCAO of s- and p-orbitals