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Lesson 1: Chemistry of Life
Lesson 2: Carbon Compounds
Lesson 3: Compounds of Life
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10.1 Chemistry of Life
biomass
polar molecule
nonpolar molecule
10.1 Chemistry of Life
Elements of Life
• The elements you need to live are the
same for all living things.
• Over 96 percent of your
body is made up of
carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen.
• Biomass is the total
mass of all
living things.
10.1 Chemistry of Life
The Carbon Cycle
• Plants obtain carbon from atmospheric
carbon dioxide to make sugar molecules to
store energy.
• Animals eat the plants or other animals to
obtain carbon.
• Carbon dioxide is a waste product of
breathing.
• When fossil fuels are burned, they release
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
10.1 Chemistry of Life
The Carbon Cycle (cont.)
10.1 Chemistry of Life
The Nitrogen Cycle
• Plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen.
• Bacteria in the soil ‘fix’ nitrogen, changing it
to a form that plants can take up through
their roots.
• Plants use the nitrogen for building cells.
• Animals eat the plants and nitrogen is
passed on.
• Nitrogen is also passed on when one
animal eats another.
10.1 Chemistry of Life
The Nitrogen Cycle (cont.)
• The cycle is complete when decomposers
break down dead organisms and return the
nitrogen to the soil.
10.1 Chemistry of Life
The Phosphorus Cycle
• Plants absorb phosphorus through
their roots.
• Consumers obtain phosphorus by eating
plants or animals that have eaten plants.
10.1 Chemistry of Life
Water and Living Organisms
• Living organisms cannot survive
without water.
• Essentially, all of life’s processes occur in a
water mixture.
10.1 Chemistry of Life
Water and Life on Other Planets
• Water is a possible indicator of life on
other planets.
10.1 Chemistry of Life
Life-Sustaining Properties of Water
• Water is a polar molecule—it has a
positive and a negative end.
• A nonpolar molecule
shares electrons
equally and does not
have oppositely
charged ends.
10.1 Chemistry of Life
Life-Sustaining Properties of Water (cont.)
• Individual water molecules act like magnets.
• The positive end
attracts the negative
end of other water
molecules.
• This weak bonding is
known as hydrogen
bonding.
10.1 Chemistry of Life
Life-Sustaining Properties of Water (cont.)
10.1 Chemistry of Life
Which is one of the six elements that
make up most of Earth’s biomass?
A helium
B iron
C nitrogen
D sodium
0%
0%
D
0%
C
0%
B
A
B
C
D
A
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2.
3.
4.
10.1 Chemistry of Life
Water is a polar molecule
because ____.
A it has a negative charge
B it has a covalent bond
with unequal sharing
of the electrons
C it has a positive charge
D it has an ionic bond
0%
0%
D
0%
C
0%
B
A
B
C
D
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
10.1 Chemistry of Life
Where do plants obtain nitrogen for
cellular activities?
A from the air
B from decaying organisms
C from animal waste
D from nitrogen-fixing
bacteria in the soil
0%
0%
D
0%
C
0%
B
A
B
C
D
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
10.2 Carbon Compounds
organic compound
hydrocarbon
saturated hydrocarbon
unsaturated hydrocarbon
functional group
amino acid
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Organic Compounds
• Organic molecules of various sizes,
shapes, and chemical properties are
based on carbon.
• Organic compounds are compounds
that contain the element carbon.
• Not all compounds containing carbon
are organic.
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Carbon Bonds
• Carbon is unique because it can form four
covalent bonds.
• Carbon can form short chains, long chains,
branched chains, and rings.
How can models of
carbon compounds
be built?
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons are molecules that contain
only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Hydrocarbons (cont.)
• Saturated hydrocarbons contain only
single covalent bonds between carbon
atoms.
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at
least one double or triple bond between
carbon atoms.
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Substituted Hydrocarbons
• A functional group is a group of atoms
that replace a hydrogen atom in organic
compounds.
• Organic compounds that contain a functional
group are called substituted hydrocarbons.
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Substituted Hydrocarbons
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Hydroxyl Group
• A hydroxyl group contains an oxygen atom
and a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to
one another.
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Hydroxyl Group (cont.)
• Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group, –OH,
added to the carbon.
• Functional groups change the properties of
hydrocarbons.
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Carboxyl Group
• Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl
group, –COOH, where the carbon is
double-bonded to one of the oxygen atoms.
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Amino Group
• Amino groups contain a nitrogen atom and
two hydrogen atoms, –NH2.
• Compounds that contain the amino group are
called amines.
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Amino Acids and Proteins
• Amino acids contain both an amino group
and a carboxylic acid.
• Amino acids are the building blocks of
proteins.
• Proteins make up living organisms and
control many body functions.
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Shapes of Molecules
• Tetrahedral molecules are shaped like
pyramids.
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Shapes of Molecules (cont.)
• Planar molecules are flat like sheets
of paper.
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Shapes of Molecules (cont.)
• Linear molecules are arranged in a line.
10.2 Carbon Compounds
Which of the following is the
amino group?
A –OH
B –NH2
C –COOH
D CH4
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0%
D
0%
C
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B
A
B
C
D
A
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2.
3.
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10.2 Carbon Compounds
Which type of molecule is like a
flat piece of paper?
A planar
B linear
C cubic
D tetrahedral
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D
0%
C
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B
A
B
C
D
A
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2.
3.
4.
10.2 Carbon Compounds
How many possible covalent bonds
can carbon form?
A one
B two
C three
D four
0%
0%
D
0%
C
0%
B
A
B
C
D
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
10.3 Compounds of Life
polymer
biomolecule
monomer
lipid
synthetic polymer
nucleic acid
natural polymer
carbohydrate
10.3 Compounds of Life
Polymers
• A polymer is a covalent compound of
small, repeating units linked in a chain.
• A monomer is a small molecule that forms
a link in a polymer chain.
• Synthetic polymers, such as plastic wrap,
are polymers not found in nature.
10.3 Compounds of Life
Polymers (cont.)
• Natural polymers, such as proteins,
carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, contain
carbon and are found in living organisms.
10.3 Compounds of Life
Biological Molecules
• The human body contains 60–80 percent
water.
• The remaining parts are carbon and noncarbon compounds.
• Biomolecules are large organic molecules
found in living organisms—proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are
biomolecules.
10.3 Compounds of Life
Biological Molecules (cont.)
10.3 Compounds of Life
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids are biomolecules found in
plant and animal cells that store cellular
information.
• Nucleic acids are composed of three
parts—a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate
group, and a nitrogen group.
10.3 Compounds of Life
Nucleic Acids (cont.)
• Nucleotides are the monomers that
compose DNA and RNA.
• Nucleic acids are polymers formed from
nucleotide monomers.
10.3 Compounds of Life
Lipids
• Lipids are used to store energy in cells
and are part of cell membranes.
– Lipids are nonpolar and don’t dissolve in
water.
– Lipids may be saturated or unsaturated
if they contain double bonds.
10.3 Compounds of Life
Lipids (cont.)
10.3 Compounds of Life
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are organic compounds
used by cells to store and release energy.
• Complex carbohydrates are made from
sugar monomers.
10.3 Compounds of Life
Carbohydrates (cont.)
• The three main types of complex
carbohydrates are
– Cellulose—found in wood and
cotton fibers,
– Starch—used by plants to store
energy, and
– Glycogen—used by animals to
store energy.
10.3 Compounds of Life
Proteins
• Proteins are organic polymers made of
amino acid monomers.
10.3 Compounds of Life
Proteins (cont.)
• Amino acids are composed of an amino
group and a carboxylic acid and another
group called a side chain.
• The side chain is the only thing that is
different on the 20 kinds of amino acids
and is known as the R-group.
• The amino acids that make up proteins
have a specific arrangement for each
protein.
10.3 Compounds of Life
Elements in the Human Body
• In addition to organic
biomolecules, living
organisms contain
minerals, which are
elements.
10.3 Compounds of Life
Which is NOT found in an
amino acid?
A carboxyl group
B hydroxyl group
C R-group
D amino group
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D
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C
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B
A
B
C
D
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
10.3 Compounds of Life
Plants use ____ to store energy,
while animals use ____.
A starch; cellulose
B cellulose; glycogen
C starch; glycogen
D glycogen; starch
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D
0%
C
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B
A
B
C
D
A
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2.
3.
4.
10.3 Compounds of Life
Which of the following is NOT a
polymer?
A complex carbohydrates
B proteins
C nucleic acids
D minerals
0%
0%
D
0%
C
0%
B
A
B
C
D
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
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A(n) ____ molecule has a positive
and negative end because of
unequal electron sharing.
A organic
B polar
C nonpolar
D covalent
0%
0%
D
0%
C
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B
A
B
C
D
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
Which is the largest source of
carbon?
A atmosphere
B soil
C oceans
D animals
0%
0%
D
0%
C
0%
B
A
B
C
D
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
Which contains the most hydrogen
atoms?
A a water molecule
B a methane molecule
C a two carbon
hydrocarbon that
is saturated
0%
0%
0%
D
0%
C
D a two carbon
hydrocarbon that
is unsaturated
B
A
B
C
D
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
What are the building blocks of
proteins?
A sugars
B carboxylic acids
C amino acids
D hydroxyl groups
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0%
D
0%
C
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B
A
B
C
D
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
Which of the following is NOT an
organic molecule?
A carboxylic acid
B nucleic acid
C lipid
D mineral
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D
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C
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B
A
B
C
D
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
SCI 3.c
Small, repeating molecules called
____ make up polymers.
A ions
B lipids
C monomers
D nucleotides
0%
0%
D
0%
C
0%
B
A
B
C
D
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
SCI 6.b
What are the four most common
elements found in living organisms?
A carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen
B carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and sodium
C carbon, sulfur,
hydrogen, and nitrogen
0%
0%
0%
D
0%
C
D magnesium, carbon,
hydrogen, and nitrogen
B
A
B
C
D
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
SCI 6.a
Carbon is important to life because
of what unique property?
A It is polar.
B It is nonpolar.
C It forms ionic bonds.
D It can form four
covalent bonds.
0%
0%
D
0%
C
0%
B
A
B
C
D
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
SCI 6.b
Sodium chloride is a ____ required
by living organisms.
A lipid
B complex carbohydrate
C mineral
D nucleic acid
0%
0%
D
0%
C
0%
B
A
B
C
D
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
SCI 6.c
DNA and RNA are composed of ____.
A fats
B nucleic acids
C simple carbohydrates
D complex carbohydrates
0%
0%
D
0%
C
0%
B
A
B
C
D
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
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