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Department of Production Plants and Human Settlements
The Zhadin effect: a non
thermal mechanism of
interaction between magnetic
fields and living matter
L. Giuliani1;2, M. N. Zhadin1;3, N.V. Bobkova1;3, Enrico D’Emilia 2, S.
Grimaldi1;4 , A. Lisi 1;4 and E. Del Giudice1;5
1 International Commission for ElectroMagnetic Safety (ICEMS), Venice,
Italy
2 National Institute for Prevention and Occupational Safety (ISPESL),
Rome, Italy
3 Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
4 National Council for Researches, Rome, Italy
5 International Institute of Biophysics, Neuss, Germany
Two reasonable experiments have suggested classic physics is no more
suitable to explain the structure of water and the interaction of
magnetic fields with molecules in aqueous solutions.
The first one - due to W.G. Armstrong (1898)– shows that a water
bridge between containers of water can rise when a high electric field
is applied.
The second one – due to M.N. Zhadin (1998) – shows that an ion
current
is arising in an electrolytic cell where nucleic acid is solved in water
under the superimposition of DC –AC magnetic fields and of DC
electric field. Furthermore the AC magnetic field has and to tune the
cyclotronic frequency of the nucleic acid and has to be very weak, so
that provided energy – transferred to the solution – results to be lower
than the energy that the ion current needs to overcome the noise of the
thermal bath.
Armstrong, William George,
THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, Feb 10
(1893) 154, 39-140 Salisbury Court, Fleet
Street, London, E.C.
"...Amongst other experiments I hit
upon a very remarkable one. Taking
two wine-glasses filled to the brim
with chemically pure water, I
connected the two glasses by a cotton
thread coiled up in one glass, and
having its shorter end dipped into the
other glass. On turning on the
current, the coiled thread was rapidly
drawn out of the glass containing it,
and the whole thread deposited in the
other, leaving, for a few seconds, a
rope of water suspended between the
lips of the two glasses. ..."
Background 1
The experiment of Armstrong has been successfully
replicated by E. Fuchs and collaborators in Gratz 2007:
when a high voltage (15-25 kV at least) is applied
between two beakers, filled of water, a floating water
bridge arises, between them.
The bridge, has a diameter of 1-3 mm and it does not
collapse when the beakers are pulled apart at a
distance (depending on the applied voltage)- from 1.5
to 2.5 cm. It is formed by three concentric cylinders.
The external one is crossed by mesoscopic aggregates
of water electrically charged.
Water density decreases while its temperature increases
from 20±C to 65±C in a period of about 45 minutes, at
the end the bridge collapse.
Background 1
In the J. Physics D: applied physics papers (2007,2008,
2009) the Austrian researchers were not able to fully
understood the phenomena.
We replicated the experiment and we tried to develop a
theory in the frame of QED in order to give an
interpretation of the Armstrong’s experiment.
Furthermore using copper electrodes we detected a
current flowing along the bridge in agreement with the
motion of mesoscopic particles detected by the group of
Fuchs in the cylindric surface of the bridge.
Background 1
In our facility at the ISPESL laboratories in Monteporzio Catone (close
to Rome), we have reproduced the Fuchs experience (Fig.1-2-3).
Fig.1
Fig.2
Background 1
When the high electric field is applied the mesoscopic
aggregates increase their angular momentum
dissipating heat, as in the Joule effect, that causes the
increase of the temperature. The electric charge on the
surface of the of the aggregates causes their motion
along the direction of the electric field switched on. This
motion is intrinsic within the bridge of water.
As temperature increases the percentage of bulk water –
always present in the interstices of the mesoscopic
particles – increases and the percentage of water
included in the mesoscopic particles until bulk water
becomes dominant.
Then the water bridge falls.
Experimental set up 1
High voltage has been generated by a High
voltage power supply type Hunting 2000 with
an output of 0-200 KV DC and 0- 10 mA.
Voltage has been continuously recorded
(Keithley Instruments 610 CR).
Experiments has been performed using copper
and platinum electrode alternatively as anode
and catode, in two 50 ml glass beakers filled
up to 2 mm from the edge with double
distilled water (18.2 mΩ, 25 °C), mounted on
an insulated guideline driven by a step motor
in order to move back and forward the two
beakers with a 0.13mm resolution.
Experimental set up 1
The cathode has been grounded while the
anode were set at a potential of 25 KV
with a maximum output current of 1mA.
Only when a copper cathode was
employed a copper ion current has been
detected through the bridge.
At the end of each experiments water pH
has been monitored using a Crison GLP
21 pHmeter. Variations resulted in the
order of -0,5 pH.
Background 2
In the last decades the effect of weak ELF
magnetic fields on living organisms has been
investigated [4-5].
In order to have a simple physical model Zhadin
and collaborators [6] have introduced a non
biological system made up by an aqueous
diluted solution of amino acids (e.g. glutamic
acid. GLU) contained in an electrolytic cell
where a D.C. voltage is applied.
Its value ranges in the same interval of cell
membrane potentials (-80 mV); a combination
of two parallel magnetic fields, one static, the
other alternating is applied orthogonally to the
current direction.
Background 2
When the frequency of the alternating magnetic
fields matches the cyclotron frequency of the
ionized amino acid a very narrow peak appears
in the electric current. This effect has been
named, in the literature, the Zhadin effect.
It seemed to be involved in the observed
magnetic phenomena occurring in living
matter.
We replicated the Zhadin’s experiment in our
facility of the C.N.R. in Rome.
Background 2
APPLIED SIGNAL
NOISE
NOISE DELAY
Background 2
APPLIED SIGNAL
Magnetic field
generated by
“Zhadin effect”
at 4.99 Hz
NOISE DELAY
Experimental set up 2
SAMPLE
AMAGNETIC ROOM
Experimental set up 2
Signal
Generator
Control unit (humidity,
tempeature, C02)
Picoammeter
In some previous papers [5-8] the effect is examined in the frame
of QED [4].
The motion of ions seems to be induced by mesoscopic
aggregates of water that provide the energy requested by ions
to overcome the noise of the thermal bath.
These mesoscopic aggregates are called coherent domains (CDs),
in the frame of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED).
They can be viewed as rotating ellipsoides, that can be
considered, at room temperature, as spheres with a radius of
about 40 nm, having a boundary depth of about 4 nm. Each CD
contains, at room temperature, about 5,500,000 water
molecules.
Water can be considered as an equilibrium dynamic between water
molecule and water organized in mesoscopic aggregate
The coherent status |S > of a CD is the coherent
superposition of the fundamental state s1 and the
excitated state 5d of the water molecule.
The percentages of molecules belonging to each status
every time (the CD is flickering: so many molecules
enter the CD how many escape) result:
< S|s1 >= 0,87 < S|d5>=0,13
From the above consideration we are able to calculate
that the CD should be able to provide about
650,000 electrons.
In the Armstrong’s experiment – as well as in
its replication due to Fuchs and other - the
applied electric field is enough strong to be
able to induce the ionization of several
molecules, providing a net fractionary charge
q, per each molecule in the range:
0< q <=0,13.
Further electrons could be provided due to kT
at room temperature, about 300° K:
kT = 0,026 eV
The energy Et of the transition between the fundamental
state 1s and the excitated state 5d is:
Et = 10,06 eV only 0,54 eV
The energy of ionization is :
Ei=10,60 eV (only 0,54 eV higher the Et ).
At hydrophobic interfaces – like glass and water the
ionization potential of water molecules shifts down in
the order od thenths of eV.The gap of energy between
the excited state 5d and the ionized state then results
to be filled up by the combined action of:
• the shift of the ionization potential at the
interfaces;
• the kT;
• the applied voltage.
The electric potential Vb, due to the electric field
arising between the glass interfaces on the basis of
the water bridge, for the applied voltage, induces a
(ponderomotive) force Fp:
Fp = -(q2/m)GradA2 = qVb
Since the mass of the electron less than 10-4 times
the mass of the molecule,the ponderomotive force
stresses the molecules aiding the cloud of almost
free electrons to escape.
Eventually the mesoscopic aggregates of water (the CDs) achieve a
positive charge and become donors of electrons, interact redox
reactions with the oxigene in the air.
As a matter of fact, the witer bridge does not rise in an atmosphere of
Helium or Argon [1-2].
The time variation of the applied potential Vb then induces a time variation
of the electric field at the glass interfaces that induces a variation of
the phase F of the angular momentum of each CD, in agreement with
dF/dt ≈ V
Since the applied voltage is proportional to the square of the magnetic
vector potential A, also the gradient of the phase becomes positive,
because:
Grad F ≈ A
As a consequence all the CDs rotate in
tune (super coherence).
Their sincronous rotation is around the
direction of the electric field is along the
axis of the superimposed electric field,
due to the applied voltage.
Thus the bridge rises.
For the mesoscopic structures- detected
on the external cylindric surface of the
water bridge, appear to be moving in a
rotatory and traslatory way resulting in
an elicoidal motion.
CONCLUDING REMARK 1
The exceptional behaviour of water reported in
this presentation, gave evidence about the
existence of water molecules organized in
mesoscopic structures (CDs).
The formation of mesoscopics structure
(supercoherence) can be taken in account for
the unreasonable behaviour of water under
strong eletric field
CONCLUDING REMARK 1
The Armstrong’s experiment is a spectacular
proof of the structure of the water that appears
to be a bi-phase liquid, as Boltzmann
predicted. The action of CDs forming the
bridge is the same that operates inducing the
ion current in a electrolytic cell when a proper
combination of both static electric and
magnetic fields with a weakest magnetic field
tuned with a proper frequency is applied,
according to the Zhadin’s experiment (Zhadin
and oth., 1998).
The QED model for the Zhadin effect [8] assumes that
ions are captured within cyclotron orbits around the
CDs where they travel with an angular speed, which is
their cyclotron frequency times 2p.
When a magnetic field oscillating on the same frequency
is applied, ions are extracted from the cyclotron orbits
and are channelled within the cell electric current,
producing the observed peak.
This model, however, requires a further development
about the properties that the aminoacid molecules
acquired in the solution. A significant progress in this
direction has been produced in reference [9], where it
is shown that the aminoacid molecules need to be
attracted on the boundaries of water CDs by a
resonant interaction
Should the aminoacid have in its spectrum an oscillation
mode resonating with the oscillation frequency of the
coherence domain, the aminoacid will become a
“guest” of the domain, participating in the same
collective dynamics.
This occurs to the glutamic acid molecules at suitable
values of pH in the aqueous solution (1,5 <pH< 3).
In this situation an infrared oscillatory mode of the
molecule matches the frequency of the collective
oscillation of the CD that is 0,26 eV at T=0 decreasing
down to about 0,20 eV at T=300 K.
Incidentally we observe that the above requirement
holds for all molecules interacting with CDs of water,
which is perhaps the requirement to be involved in
living processes.
The resonant attraction is governed by a dispersive
force: the same kind of dispersive force which is at
work in the well known phenomenon of laser couling
[10]. By the way this selective mechanism could
account for the so far mysterious phenomenon that
only about twenty aminoacids out of one hundred
known to chemists are present in living organisms.
Once attracted within the water CDs, these guest
molecules settle in the outer side of the CD where
they feel the effect of the so called gradient force.
As above, according to standard electrodynamics, a
particle having mass m and charge q is subjected to a
ponderomotive force.
The ponderomotive force is non vanishing on the
boundary of CDs, where the self trapped CD
electromagnetic field drops off exponentially to zero.
Moreover the ponderomotive force is inversely
proportional to the mass.
Consequently a molecule which is present on the CD
boundary gets stretched since the electrons, that are
thousands of times lighter than nuclei are pushed
outwards along the CD radius much more then nuclei.
In this way the aminoacid zwitterions acquire a
polarization that adds up to the one it could have in
the ground configuration. Eventually the aminoacid
could loose also one electron becoming an ion, able
to feel the applied magnetic fields. In this process ions
are produced within the water CDs and released from
them according to the available magnetic fields.
Fig. 8 from [8]
On the left it is
described
the
motion of the ions
on the boundary of
a water CD due to
the
external
application of a
magnetic
field
having the same
frequency – the
cyclotronic one –
to which the ion is
forced around the
CD due the static
magnetic field .
CONCLUDING REMARK 2
The arising and the time evolution of the electric
current is thus governed by such field [11-12].
If the field is too strong the ions escape in the
bulk. If it is too weak ions fall again in the
boundary of the CD.
That’s the reason for which – in the Zhadin’s
experiment - the intensity of the applied AC
magnetic field has to be so weak: about one
thousand time less than the present static
magnetic field (usually the geomagnetic).
CONCLUDING REMARK 2
The Zhadin’s effect seems to be one of the
mechanisms able to induce ion current in
cells, as well as the authors have shown in
recent papers concerning the maturation of
stem cells induced by weakest magnetic fields
(A.Lisi and oth., 2005,2006; R. Gaetani and
oth., 2009) [13-19].
CONCLUSIONS
Both Armstrong’s and Zhadin’s experiments provide an
evidence of the action of water CDs as they are
working within living matter and a proof of a kind of
non thermal interaction of weak magnetic fields with
living organisms.
According to G. Heyland warning [12] also artificial
electromagnetic fields are concerned with the Zhadin
effect, e.g. for the frequency of the modulation at 8
Hz, due to GSM and DCS communication.
REFERENCES
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G. Holler and H. Eisenkölbl, The floating bridge, J.Physics D:
applied physics, 40:6112-14, 2007
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Dynamics of the floating water bridge, J.Physics D: applied
physics, 41: 185502-06, 2008
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1998
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[10] N.Comisso, E. Del Giudice, A. De Ninno, M. Fleischmann, L. Giuliani,
G. Mengoli, F. Merlo, and G. Talpo, “Dynamics of the ion cyclotron
resonance effect on amino acids adsorbed at the interfaces,"
Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 27, 16-25, 2006
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Zhadin, “Action of combined magnetic fields on aqueous solution of
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REFERENCES
[13] A. Lisi, M.T. Ciotti, M. Ledda, M. Pieri, C. Zona, D. Mercanti, S.
Rieti L. Giuliani, S. Grimaldi S., Exposure to 50 Hz
electromagnetic radiation promote early maturation and
differentiation in newborn rat cerebellar granule neurons J Cell
Physiol. 2005 Aug;204(2):532-8.
[14] A. Lisi, M. Ledda, E. Rosola, D. Pozzi, E. D’Emilia L. Giuliani, A.
Foletti , A. Modesti, S.J. Morris, S.Grimaldi, Extremely low
frequency electromagnetic field exposure promotes
differentiation of pituitary corticotrope-derived AtT20 D16V cells.
Bioelectromagnetics. 12, Jul 2006
REFERENCES
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frequency electromagnetic field exposure promotes
differentiation of pituitary corticotrope-derived AtT20 D16V cells.
Bioelectromagnetics. 12, Jul 2006
[16] A. Lisi; A. Foletti; M. Ledda; E. Rosola; L. Giuliani, E. D'
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Electromagnetic Radiation Promotes Differentiation in the
Human Epithelial Cell Line HaCaT, Electr. Biol. Med. 25(4):26980; Dec. 2006
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cyclotron resonance as a tool in regenerative
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[18] A. Lisi, M. Ledda, F. De Carlo, E. D’Emilia L. Giuliani, A. Foletti
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information to living systems: effects on human epithelial cell
differentiation, Electromagn Biol Med 27: 3. 230-240, 2008
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