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0 0 200 400 miles 400 kilometers 200 GAUL SICILY S A H A R A Á RomeÁ Rubicon R. S L P Carthage A . ne R Rhi SPAIN ATLANTIC OCEAN Corinth Á MACEDONIA S E Mediterranean Danub e R. W N Sea Black Sea ASSYRIA G U I D E TO RE ADING N OTE S 34 From Republic to Empire 709 G U I D E TO R E A D IN G NOT ES 3 4 34.3 Rome’s Conquest of the Italian Peninsula 34.4 Overseas Expansion During the Punic Wars 509 to 264 to 264 B.C.E. 146 B.C.E. How were the Romans able to take control of the Italian peninsula? The Romans defeated the Etruscans, Samnites, and several Greek cities to take control of the peninsula. Why did Rome fight the Punic Wars? Rome fought with Carthage for control of the Mediterranean region. Who might have viewed expansion during this period negatively, and why? Plebeians would have objected to this expansion because they had to serve in the army. Defeated people would have objected because they had to serve in the army, pay Roman taxes, and couldn’t always become Roman citizens. 710 Lesson 34 Who might have viewed expansion during this period negatively, and why? The defeated Carthaginians would have objected because the Romans sold them into slavery and burned Carthage. Roman farmers would have objected because Hannibal destroyed many farms. They had to neglect their farms to fight, and now Rome was getting grain from other lands. G U I D E TO RE ADING N OTE S 34 34.5 Expansion During the Final Years of the Republic 145 to 34.6 Rome Becomes an Empire 44 B.C.E. to 14 C.E. 44 B.C.E. When Julius Caesar became dictator of Rome, what reforms did he make? Julius Caesar began construction projects such as building roads and public buildings to provide work. He adopted a new calendar. He kept the poor happy with entertainment. He also started new colonies and granted citizenship to people in Gaul and Spain. Who might have viewed expansion during this period negatively, and why? The Senate would have objected to expansion during this period because Caesar and his military leaders were a threat to the Senators’ power. What was the Pax Romana? Who established it? The Pax Romana was a peaceful period of Roman rule in the Mediterranean that lasted 200 years. Augustus established the Pax Romana. Who might have viewed expansion during this period negatively, and why? Romans might have objected to the harsh punishments Augustus established for people who did not follow his moral standards. They might also have objected to the Praetorian Guard, which later murdered several emperors. From Republic to Empire 711