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G U I D E TO RE ADING N OTE S 34
From Republic to Empire 709
G U I D E TO R E A D IN G NOT ES 3 4
34.3 Rome’s Conquest of
the Italian Peninsula
34.4 Overseas Expansion
During the Punic Wars
509 to
264 to
264 B.C.E.
146 B.C.E.
How were the Romans able
to take control of the Italian
peninsula?
The Romans defeated the
Etruscans, Samnites, and several Greek cities to take
control of the peninsula.
Why did Rome fight the
Punic Wars?
Rome fought with Carthage
for control of the
Mediterranean region.
Who might have viewed
expansion during this period
negatively, and why?
Plebeians would have objected
to this expansion because they
had to serve in the army.
Defeated people would have
objected because they had
to serve in the army, pay Roman
taxes, and couldn’t always
become Roman citizens.
710 Lesson 34
Who might have viewed
expansion during this period
negatively, and why?
The defeated Carthaginians
would have objected because
the Romans sold them into
slavery and burned Carthage.
Roman farmers would have
objected because Hannibal
destroyed many farms. They
had to neglect their farms
to fight, and now Rome was
getting grain from other lands.
G U I D E TO RE ADING N OTE S 34
34.5 Expansion During
the Final Years of the
Republic
145 to
34.6 Rome Becomes
an Empire
44 B.C.E. to
14 C.E.
44 B.C.E.
When Julius Caesar became
dictator of Rome, what
reforms did he make?
Julius Caesar began construction projects such as building
roads and public buildings to
provide work. He adopted a
new calendar. He kept the
poor happy with entertainment.
He also started new colonies
and granted citizenship to
people in Gaul and Spain.
Who might have viewed
expansion during this period
negatively, and why?
The Senate would have
objected to expansion during
this period because Caesar and
his military leaders were a
threat to the Senators’ power.
What was the Pax Romana?
Who established it?
The Pax Romana was a
peaceful period of Roman
rule in the Mediterranean
that lasted 200 years.
Augustus established the
Pax Romana.
Who might have viewed
expansion during this period
negatively, and why?
Romans might have objected
to the harsh punishments
Augustus established for
people who did not follow his
moral standards. They might
also have objected to the
Praetorian Guard, which later
murdered several emperors.
From Republic to Empire 711