Download Blood - Ukiah Adult School

Blood
What is blood?
• A type of connective tissue
• Composed of scattered cells within a noncellular matrix
• Two major components
– Cells (red, white, platelets) 45%
– Plasma (water, amino acids, proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones,
electrolytes, cellular waste) 55%
General functions of blood – transportation,
regulation, protection
Characteristics of blood:
Amount – 4 to 6 liters; cells – plasma:
Color – arterial blood:
venous blood:
Viscosity – resistance to flow; importance:
pH – slightly alkaline.
Question: What is the normal pH range of blood?
Blood Components
Plasma
• Plasma
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–
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Liquid
Transport medium
Plasma proteins
Temperature regulation
Plasma Proteins
• Clotting factors
– Prothrombin
– Fibrinogen
• Globulins
– Alpha
– Beta
– Gamma
• Albumin
Blood Cells
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
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Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
• Platelets
Blood Cells: Erythrocytes
– Normal RBC count 4.5 to
6.0 million/microliter
– Hct 38% to 48%
– Hgb 12-18gm/dL
– Function: carry oxygen
– Formed in red bone
marrow
– Vitamin B12, intrinsic factor
– Lack a nucleus at maturity
– 600 RBCs for every WBC
Erythropoiesis
• Erythrocyte
formation
• 2.5 million new
cells a second
• Erythropoeitin
• Rate regulated by
oxygen levels
Red Blood Cells
• 120 life span
• Damaged cells removed by tissue
macrophage system
• Old RBCs phagocytized
• Iron recycled
White blood cells – leukocytes – produced in the red
bone marrow and lymphatic tissue
Structure: larger than RBCs; have nuclei.
Granular WBCs: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Agranular WBCs: lymphocytes and monocytes.
WBCs often carry out their functions in tissue fluid and
lymphatic tissue.
Leukocytes
• Granular
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–
–
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
• Agranular
– Lymphocytes
– Monocytes
• Produced in red bone marrow and lymphatic
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•
tissue
Larger than RBCs
All have a nucleus
Leukocytes
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Normal WBC 5,000 to 10,000/microliter
Leukopenia
Neutrophils - 58 percent
Eosinophils - 2 percent
Basophils - 1 percent
Bands - 3 percent
Monocytes - 4 percent
Lymphocytes - 4 percent
White blood cells
Functions
Neutrophils and monocytes –
Eosinophils –
Basophils –
Lymphocytes – T cells
B cells
Natural killer cells
Platelets (thrombocytes) – produced in the red bone
marrow
Structure: fragments of megakaryocytes.
Platelets help maintain the vascular endothelium, and
contribute to all mechanisms of hemostasis.
Vascular spasm – large vessels.
Platelet plugs – capillaries.
Thrombocytes
• Not whole cells
• Fragments of megakaryocytes
• Thrombopoietin
• Normal plt count: 150,000300,000/microliter
• Thrombocytopenia
• Hemostasis
Clotting
• Stage 1
– Formation of
prothrombin activator
• Stage 2
– Prothrombin is
converted to thrombin
by prothrombin
activator
• Stage 3
– Thrombin converts
fibrinogen to fibrin
Clot Formation
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•
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Vessel injury
Platelet plug formation
Blood coagulation
Blood types (genetic)
The ABO group (see Table 11–1) – four types:
The antigens on the RBCs:
The antibodies in the plasma:
Importance:
The Rh factor (the D antigen)
Rh positive:
Rh negative:
Questions: Which ABO type is most common? Least common? Which Rh type is
most common?
Blood Typing
Blood Typing
• Genetically defined
Blood type: positive or negative
• Rh factor
• Rhesus factor
• Discovered in 1940
• 85% of population is Rh+
• Infusion of Rh+ blood into an Rh-
individual will cause agglutination of cells
Wrap-Up Question
Name the part or aspect of blood described.
1. Last clotting factor to be split
2. Waste product of RBC destruction
3. WBC that can be T or B
4. Carries heat
5. Protein that carries oxygen
6. Block ruptures in capillaries
7. Organ that produces clotting factors
8. Site of most blood cell production
Vocabulary to know
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Leukemia
Erythrocyte
Reticulocyte
Band cells
Phagocyte
Megakaryocyte
hemocytoblast
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Fibrinolysis
Anemia
Leukocytosis
Thrombocytopenia
Anemia
Plasma
hematocrit
• Normal range for cell counts
• Mineral needed for chemical clotting
• Causes of the types of anemia
• Function of blood cells