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Do Now 4/15/15 Using your food log and nutrient report, analyze the following information: 1. What trends do you see in total fat consumption? At, above, or below goal? 2. What trends do you see in total carbohydrate consumption? At, above, or below goal? 3. What trends do you see in sugar consumption? At, above, or below goal? 4. What trends do you see in iron consumption? At, above, or below goal? 5. What trends do you see in sodium consumption? At, above, or below goal? How Fats Affect Your Body Healthy Fats (lower cholesterol): • Polyunsaturated – found in fish, nuts and seeds • Monounsaturated – found in olive oil, avocados, nuts and seeds Unhealthy Fats (raise cholesterol): • Saturated – found in butter, fatty meats • Trans – found in shortening and snack/fast foods LDL (“bad”) cholesterol can cause plaque buildup on the walls of arteries! How Sugar Affects Your Body • High levels of glucose increase insulin production but also serotonin (sugar crash) • Insulin blocks production of leptin (“hunger hormone” that tells your brain that you’re full) • You still feel “hungry” even though you already ate How Iron and Sodium Affect Your Body • Iron – iron deficiency can decrease the amount of oxygen that the blood can carry which leads to tiredness • Sodium (salt) – can increase blood pressure, risk of osteoporosis, stomach cancer, and weight gain – Causes kidneys to make your body hold onto more water which raises blood pressure Goal Setting • You will set a goal for Week 2 of your Food Log – Ex: I will decrease sugar consumption in Week 2 from 66 grams a day to less than 60 grams a day. • How will you achieve this goal? – Ex: I will decrease snacks that are high in sugar/processed and replace with fruit. 1. Chemical digestion of carbohydrates (starches) begins in the _____ with the action of _____. A. stomach ... hydrochloric acid B. stomach ... salivary amylase C. small intestine ... pancreatic amylase D. small intestine ... lipase E. mouth ... salivary amylase 2. Which process is illustrated in the diagrams? A) Ingestion D) absorption B) circulation E) digestion C) peristalsis 3. Pepsinogen can be activated by A) Pepsin B) HCl C) Chyme D) Either A or B E) A, B or C 4. Among mammals, it is generally true that A) all types of foods begin their enzymatic digestion in the mouth. B) after leaving the oral cavity, the bolus enters the larynx. C) the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea. D) the esophagus is a key source of digestive enzymes. E) the trachea leads to the esophagus and then to the stomach. 5. When stimulated by the presence of food, secretions by stomach cells A) release the enzyme pepsin B) initiate the mechanical digestion of lipids in the stomach. C) initiate the chemical digestion of lipids in the stomach. D) initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach. E) delay digestion until the food arrives in the small intestine. Upcoming Dates • Tuesday, 4/7: Blood Quiz Corrections due • Thursday, 4/9: Blood, Immune/Lymphatic BIG Quiz • Monday/Tuesday (PM), 4/13-14: Big Quiz Corrections • Friday, 4/17: Digestive Quiz • Thursday, 4/23: Digestive Project due • Monday, 4/27: Urinary Quiz; Urinary Project due • Friday, 5/1: Urinary & Reproductive Test • Thursday, 5/7: Semester 2 Final Exam The Large Intestines • Major Function: • • Propels waste to anus. Absorbs water, electrolytes and minerals What is the final section of the small intestines called? Ileosecal valve The Large Intestines • When food reaches the LI, all of the nutrients have been removed from food • During the 12 to 24 hours in LI, water and electrolytes are extracted How does the LI absorb the water? Absorption of Na+ and Clin the LI • Na+ and Cl- move through a transport protein in intestinal cells. This creates a high ion concentration inside the cells of the Large intestines What type of transport is responsible for the movement of ions in the large intestines? Explain. Water is absorbed in the large intestines via osmosis. However, the diffusion of water in the intestinal cells is linked to the absorption of ions. Explain why the absorption of water by osmosis depends on the transport of ions. Intestinal Cells Lumen Na+ Na+ H20 ClNa+ H20 ClNa+ H20 ClNa+ Health Connection Diarrhea and constipation are two medical conditions which are rooted in the large intestines. The symptoms of each are below Diarrhea- feces (stool) contains a large volume of water Constipation- feces (stool) is abnormally solid, with insufficient water content Explain the cause of diarrhea and the cause of constipation in terms of water absorption A Cheap, easy, life saving fix… Certain pathogens (like vibrio cholerae, the virus associated with cholera) can cause severe diarrhea which leads to death by dehydration. This can be a devastating disease particularly in developing countries. However, an amazingly easy treatment was developed: juices with high concentrations of electrolytes (sugars, ions etc) can prevent death by this means! How could a sugary drink save a person from death by cholera?! Explain. Mouth • Mastication – mechanical digestion, aka CHEWING – Teeth - dentition • Saliva mixes with food to form a bolus • Saliva contains salivary amylase which initiates chemical digestion of __________ and sugar Digestion of Sugars • Limited sugar breakdown can occur in mouth due to salivary amylase • There are specified enzymes in the small intestine that break sugars down into monosaccharides – Ex: lactase (breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose), maltase, sucrase, etc. Objective • By the end of the class today, I will be able to: Describe the role of the accessory organs in digestion Three Accessory Organs of Digestion 1. Liver 2. Gallbladder 3. Pancreas Liver • Largest organ in the abdominopelvic cavity • Right side of body, under diaphragm Function of Liver • Maintenance of normal blood concentrations of glucose, lipids, and amino acids. • Conversion of one nutrient type to another. – For example: amino acid to glucose • Synthesis and storage of glycogen • Absorption and inactivation of toxins Based on the previous list, which is the liver most involved in… • Break down and absorption of food • Production of digestive enzymes • Synthesis and processing of chemicals. The liver’s special blood supply • The liver receives blood from the stomach, small intestines, and large intestines before it can be diluted by the rest of the body • This makes the liver’s job easier because it has a high concentration of nutrients Liver’s Capillaries • The capillaries in the liver are also special. They are called sinusoids. • They are “leakier” than normal capillaries to allow more nutrients to enter the liver. Quick Check • What is special about the liver’s blood supply and capillaries? • Why is this so? The Gallbladder • Stores bile to be delivered to the duodenum when needed. Bile plays an important role in the emulsification (breaking down in smaller pieces) of large fat particles. Medical Connection Although you can live without a gallbladder, what kind of dietary restrictions or precautions would you have to take without a gallbladder? Functions of the Pancreas • Makes and secretes pancreatic juice in to the duodenum. • Creates glucagon and insulin. Pancreatic Juice • Contains enzymes such as pancreatic amylase and pancreatic lipase. • Is alkaline (basic) to neutralize the acid in chyme. Comparison 1. Compare the function of the pancreas to the gallbladder. How are they similar? How are they different? 2. Gallstone surgery sometimes requires that the gallbladder be removed. Patients are then advised to avoid ingesting large amounts of fat because _____. A) the gallbladder stores the hormone enterogastrone, necessary to digest fats B) the gallbladder stores large quantities of bile, which is used to emulsify fats C) Without the bile produced by the gallbladder, fats cannot be enzymatically hydrolyzed D)chylomicrons first enter the gallbladder before moving to the liver E) the gallbladder makes bile salts, which are necessary for fat emulsification 3. The liver and pancreas add their secretions to the partially digested food produced in the stomach, in the _____ of the small intestine. A. jejunum B. ileum C. sphincter D. duodenum E. colon