Download Do Now- Answer the questions on the following slides

Do Now 4/15/15
Using your food log and nutrient report, analyze the
following information:
1. What trends do you see in total fat consumption? At,
above, or below goal?
2. What trends do you see in total carbohydrate
consumption? At, above, or below goal?
3. What trends do you see in sugar consumption? At,
above, or below goal?
4. What trends do you see in iron consumption? At, above,
or below goal?
5. What trends do you see in sodium consumption? At,
above, or below goal?
How Fats Affect Your Body
Healthy Fats (lower cholesterol):
• Polyunsaturated – found in fish, nuts and seeds
• Monounsaturated – found in olive oil, avocados,
nuts and seeds
Unhealthy Fats (raise cholesterol):
• Saturated – found in butter, fatty meats
• Trans – found in shortening and snack/fast foods
LDL (“bad”) cholesterol can cause plaque buildup
on the walls of arteries!
How Sugar Affects Your Body
• High levels of glucose increase insulin
production but also serotonin (sugar crash)
• Insulin blocks production of leptin (“hunger
hormone” that tells your brain that you’re
full)
• You still feel “hungry” even though you
already ate
How Iron and Sodium Affect
Your Body
• Iron – iron deficiency can decrease the
amount of oxygen that the blood can carry
which leads to tiredness
• Sodium (salt) – can increase blood
pressure, risk of osteoporosis, stomach
cancer, and weight gain
– Causes kidneys to make your body hold onto
more water which raises blood pressure
Goal Setting
• You will set a goal for Week 2 of your Food
Log
– Ex: I will decrease sugar consumption in Week
2 from 66 grams a day to less than 60 grams a
day.
• How will you achieve this goal?
– Ex: I will decrease snacks that are high in
sugar/processed and replace with fruit.
1. Chemical digestion of carbohydrates
(starches) begins in the _____ with the
action of _____.
A. stomach ... hydrochloric acid
B. stomach ... salivary amylase
C. small intestine ... pancreatic amylase
D. small intestine ... lipase
E. mouth ... salivary amylase
2. Which process is illustrated in the diagrams?
A) Ingestion
D) absorption
B) circulation
E) digestion
C) peristalsis
3. Pepsinogen can be activated by
A) Pepsin
B) HCl
C) Chyme
D) Either A or B
E) A, B or C
4. Among mammals, it is generally true that
A) all types of foods begin their enzymatic
digestion in the mouth.
B) after leaving the oral cavity, the bolus
enters the larynx.
C) the epiglottis prevents swallowed food
from entering the trachea.
D) the esophagus is a key source of digestive
enzymes.
E) the trachea leads to the esophagus and
then to the stomach.
5. When stimulated by the presence of
food, secretions by stomach cells
A) release the enzyme pepsin
B) initiate the mechanical digestion of
lipids in the stomach.
C) initiate the chemical digestion of lipids
in the stomach.
D) initiate the digestion of protein in the
stomach.
E) delay digestion until the food arrives in
the small intestine.
Upcoming Dates
• Tuesday, 4/7: Blood Quiz Corrections due
• Thursday, 4/9: Blood, Immune/Lymphatic BIG
Quiz
• Monday/Tuesday (PM), 4/13-14: Big Quiz
Corrections
• Friday, 4/17: Digestive Quiz
• Thursday, 4/23: Digestive Project due
• Monday, 4/27: Urinary Quiz; Urinary Project
due
• Friday, 5/1: Urinary & Reproductive Test
• Thursday, 5/7: Semester 2 Final Exam
The Large Intestines
• Major Function:
•
•
Propels waste to anus.
Absorbs water, electrolytes and minerals
What is the final section of the small
intestines called?
Ileosecal valve
The Large Intestines
• When food reaches the LI, all of the
nutrients have been removed from food
• During the 12 to 24 hours in LI, water and
electrolytes are extracted
How does the LI absorb the water?
Absorption of Na+ and Clin
the
LI
• Na+ and Cl- move through a transport
protein in intestinal cells. This creates a
high ion concentration inside the cells
of the Large intestines
What type of transport is
responsible for the
movement of ions in the
large intestines? Explain.
Water is absorbed in the
large intestines via
osmosis. However, the
diffusion of water in the
intestinal cells is linked to
the absorption of ions.
Explain why the
absorption of water by
osmosis depends on the
transport of ions.
Intestinal Cells
Lumen
Na+
Na+
H20
ClNa+
H20
ClNa+
H20
ClNa+
Health Connection
Diarrhea and constipation are two medical
conditions which are rooted in the large
intestines. The symptoms of each are
below
Diarrhea- feces (stool) contains a large
volume of water
Constipation- feces (stool) is abnormally
solid, with insufficient water content
Explain the cause of
diarrhea and the cause
of constipation in terms
of water absorption
A Cheap, easy, life
saving fix…
Certain pathogens (like vibrio cholerae, the
virus associated with cholera) can cause severe
diarrhea which leads to death by dehydration.
This can be a devastating disease particularly in
developing countries. However, an amazingly
easy treatment was developed: juices with high
concentrations of electrolytes (sugars, ions etc)
can prevent death by this means!
How could a sugary drink
save a person from death by
cholera?! Explain.
Mouth
• Mastication – mechanical
digestion, aka CHEWING
– Teeth - dentition
• Saliva mixes with food to
form a bolus
• Saliva contains salivary
amylase which initiates
chemical digestion of
__________ and sugar
Digestion of Sugars
• Limited sugar breakdown can occur in
mouth due to salivary amylase
• There are specified enzymes in the small
intestine that break sugars down into
monosaccharides
– Ex: lactase (breaks down lactose into glucose
and galactose), maltase, sucrase, etc.
Objective
• By the end of the class today, I will be able
to:
Describe the role of the accessory organs in
digestion
Three Accessory Organs of
Digestion
1. Liver
2. Gallbladder
3. Pancreas
Liver
• Largest organ in
the
abdominopelvic
cavity
• Right side of body,
under diaphragm
Function of Liver
• Maintenance of normal blood
concentrations of glucose, lipids, and
amino acids.
• Conversion of one nutrient type to another.
– For example: amino acid to glucose
• Synthesis and storage of glycogen
• Absorption and inactivation of toxins
Based on the previous list, which
is the liver most involved in…
• Break down and absorption of food
• Production of digestive enzymes
• Synthesis and processing of chemicals.
The liver’s special blood supply
• The liver receives blood from the stomach,
small intestines, and large intestines before
it can be diluted by the rest of the body
• This makes the liver’s job easier because it
has a high concentration of nutrients
Liver’s Capillaries
• The capillaries in the liver are also
special. They are called sinusoids.
• They are “leakier” than normal
capillaries to allow more nutrients
to enter the liver.
Quick Check
• What is special about the liver’s
blood supply and capillaries?
• Why is this so?
The Gallbladder
• Stores bile to be delivered to
the duodenum when needed.
Bile plays an important role in the
emulsification (breaking down in
smaller pieces) of large fat
particles.
Medical Connection
Although you can live without a
gallbladder, what kind of dietary
restrictions or precautions would
you have to take without a
gallbladder?
Functions of the Pancreas
• Makes and secretes pancreatic
juice in to the duodenum.
• Creates glucagon and insulin.
Pancreatic Juice
• Contains enzymes such as
pancreatic amylase and pancreatic
lipase.
• Is alkaline (basic) to neutralize the
acid in chyme.
Comparison
1. Compare the function of the pancreas to
the gallbladder. How are they similar? How
are they different?
2. Gallstone surgery sometimes requires that the gallbladder
be removed. Patients are then advised to avoid ingesting
large amounts of fat because _____.
A) the gallbladder stores the hormone enterogastrone,
necessary to digest fats
B) the gallbladder stores large quantities of bile, which is used
to emulsify fats
C) Without the bile produced by the gallbladder, fats cannot
be enzymatically hydrolyzed
D)chylomicrons first enter the gallbladder before moving to
the liver
E) the gallbladder makes bile salts, which are necessary for fat
emulsification
3. The liver and pancreas add their secretions to
the partially digested food produced in the
stomach, in the _____ of the small intestine.
A. jejunum
B. ileum
C. sphincter
D. duodenum
E. colon