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Name_____________________________________________________Period________ Study Guide : Life Science Bacteria's Role in the World single celled, prokaryote anti/biotic : medicine used to treat many bacterial diseases bio/remedi/ation : use of organisms to treat hazardous waste genetic engineering : changes in genes of bacteria or other living things lactose : sugar found in milk nitrogen fixation : nitrogen in the air to form for plants patho/genic bacteria :harmful bacteria *** breaking down of dead plant and animal matter *** decomposer *** bacteria that harms grain - fruit - vegetables *** pathogenic Viruses nonliving particle of genetic material antiviral : ”against viruses”, stop reproduction antibiotics : won’t work against virus host : organism that a parasite lives in or is supported by lytic cycle : virus invades a cell and copies itself (active) lysogenic cycle : virus is carried and reproduced by the cell. (inactive) oxygen : gas that viruses don’t need protein coat : shell or covering that protects the virus Page 1 of 11 Name_____________________________________________________Period________ shape : group by shape: spacecraft, sphere, cylinder, crystal virus : nonliving particle of genetic material vaccinations : protection from a virus Protists single celled eukaryotic organism *** cells that make up a protist ***eukaryotic, single *** function of chloroplasts ***make energy from sunlight *** how do protists make their own food ***photosynthesis *** protists reproduction / single celled ***asexual *** protists asexually divide by what process ***binary fission decomposer : organism that breaks down dead matter host : provider of location or food for another organism heterotroph : (“other”) organism that gets food from another organism parasite : organism that feeds or lives off another producer : organism that makes its own food Kinds of Protists *** how are protists grouped *** based on shared traits such as how they move or eat (flagella, cilia, pseudopod) *** algae color pigment *** green (chlorophyll) *** what provides the world's oxygen *** phytoplankton *** what are mobile protists called *** protozoans Page 2 of 11 Name_____________________________________________________Period________ algae : plant-like protist cilia : tiny-hairlike structures for movement diatoms : 2-part glass-like shells formaminiferans : “amoeba-like” in shells flagella : whip-like strands to help move macronucleus :larger nucleus- cell duties (micronucleus – smaller-reproduction) Fungi *** beneficial relationship / plant / fungus *** mycorrhiza *** lichen make up *** algae and fungi *** fungus that is shapeless and fuzzy *** mold *** largest group of fungi *** sac mushrooms budding : asexual reproduction (yeast) club fungi : shaped like club= mushrooms fungus :multicellular heterotroph that can not move hypha : hairlike tubes making up the body of fungus mycelium : the tangled mass of hyphae that make up the body of the fungus spore : reproductive structure of fungi What is a Plant? multicellular autotroph/producer angiosperms : vascular flowering plant with fruit fern : vascular, non flowering plant Page 3 of 11 Name_____________________________________________________Period________ gymnosperms : “naked seed”, non flowering, no fruit produced. liverwort: nonvascular plant *** what stage do plants make spores *** sporophyte Seed Plants *** label a seed *** baby plant (cotyledon), food source, seed coat *** how are gymnosperms and angiosperms alike *** vascular, seed producing plants *** difference between monocots / dicots *** Monocots=One cotyledon, Dicots=Two cotyledons Structures of Seed Plants ovary : female organ that contains the eggs petal : decorative leaf like part phloem : tubing of vascular system responsible for distributing food through plant pistil : female part of flower sepal : specialized leaf to protect bud and support flower xylem : vascular tubing in center of stem responsible for bringing up water to rest of plant *** roots *** part of plant responsible for taking in water *** prevent water loss in a leaf *** cuticle *** a soft stem is *** herbaceous Page 4 of 11 Name_____________________________________________________Period________ Photosynthesis chlorophyll : green pigment used for photosynthesis cellular respiration : process of releasing ATP energy from food photosynthesis : process of making food from sunlight stoma : small breathing openings on underside of leaf transpiration : release of water through stoma of leaves *** gas that plants release *** Oxygen *** what do plants use to produce energy from food *** Photosynthesis Water + Carbon Dioxide + Sun (-ATP) = Glucose + Oxygen: Respiration *** gas enters and exits from a leaf *** stomata (pl. stoma) *** why is photosynthesis important *** makes food for plant Reproduction of Flowering Plants dormant : resting state plantlets : young plants pollination : (sexual reproduction) moving of pollen from male stamen to female pistil runners : specialized stem that runs along ground to support new plant =strawberry, spider plant tubers : specialized stems that reproduce plants =potato *** fertilization *** union of egg and sperm *** ovule develops into a *** seed Page 5 of 11 Name_____________________________________________________Period________ *** ovary develops into a *** fruit *** seed needs what to germinate *** water, temperature, air Plant Response to the Environment deciduous plants : plants that loose their leaves evergreen plants : plants with needle-like leaves, green all year, conifers gravitropism : growth toward the gravity long-day plants : (short nights) “summer” plants = daisy, rose, tomato, etc. phototropism : growth toward the sunlight short-day plants : (long nights) “winter” plants=poinsettia tropism : response to stimulus *** know about shoot direction *** shoots respond to and follow sunlight *** seasonal changes *** evergreen (keep leaves in winter) and deciduous (loose leaves in winter) What Is an Animal? multicellular heterotroph that can move invertebrates : animal with NO backbone multicellular : many cells sexually : requiring two parents (male and female) for reproduction vertebrate : animal WITH backbone *** what are sperm and egg *** reproductive sex cells of male and female Page 6 of 11 Name_____________________________________________________Period________ Animal Behavior courtship : behavior for attracting a mate defense behavior : behavior to protect territory or offspring food : source of energy innate behavior : built-in behavior, present at birth learned behavior : behavior that is acquired or copied territory : space or area occupied by one or group of animals *** daily cycles *** circadian rhythms *** estivation *** rest or reduced activity in summer (hot) season Simple Invertebrates animals with NO backbone coelom : body cavity that surrounds the gut ganglion : cluster of nerve mass that acts like simple brain gut : pouch for digesting food *** sponges use what to get their food *** pores and collar cells *** flatworm has what type of body *** flat with bilateral symmetry *** roundworm *** body is round, bilateral, and pointed at the ends, generally a parasite *** cnidarians all have what *** stinging cells Anthropods “jointed feet”, with exoskeleton *** three main body parts *** head, thorax, abdomen Page 7 of 11 Name_____________________________________________________Period________ *** largest group of anthropods *** insects *** what do crustaceans use for eating *** claws antenna : a sensory organ or “feeler” compound eye : many identical light sensors, can form an image complete metamorphosis : egg-larva-adult; complete change in body form incomplete metamorphosis : egg-nymph-adult; not much change in body form simple eye : detects light and dark The First Vertebrates Fish – live entire life in water (gills, scales) ectotherm : (cold-blooded); “outside heat” – surroundings provide heat/cold endotherm : (warm-blooded); “inside heat” – own body provides heat/cold gill : respiratory organ that gets oxygen from water (liquid) lateral line : a faint line visible on both sides of a fish’s body and marks the location of the sense organs that detect vibration in the water. swim bladder : gas-filled sac that is used to control buoyancy (floating) Amphibians “double-life”, animal begins life with gills in water and matures to lungs on land lung : respiratory organ that extracts oxygen from the air metamorphosis : Rapid change in shape from immature to mature form – (Complete: Larval-Adult) or (Incomplete: NymphAdult) Page 8 of 11 Name_____________________________________________________Period________ tadpole : aquatic, fish-shaped larva of a frog or toad vocal sac : thin-walled sac of skin that surrounds frog’s vocal cords Characteristics of Birds feathers! altricial : birds that are bald and helpless after hatching brooding : to sit on and cover eggs to keep them warm until they hatch contour feathers : external feathers that help determine a bird’s shape down feathers : soft feathers that cover the body of young birds and insulate adult birds lift : one of the things a bird needs to fly (upward against gravity) molting : process of shedding feathers which are replaced with new feathers precocial : birds that are active shortly after hatching preening : the act of grooming and maintaining feathers Kinds of Birds ways that birds are grouped bird of prey : ; hunts and eats other vertebrates; sharp claws and beak good eyesight flightless bird : no large Keel for flight muscles; runs fast or swims perching bird : special adaptations for resting on branches songbird : belongs to the largest of the 28 different order of birds Page 9 of 11 Name_____________________________________________________Period________ water bird : webbed feet or long legs Characteristics of Mammals have hair or fur, diaphragm for breathing, and feed young on milk *** gland that provides milk *** mammary gland Placental Mammal animal with a placenta (organ that provides food and removes waste for embryo; “lifeline”) cetaceans : water-dwelling = porpoise carnivores : meat-eater = walrus flying mammals : flying = bat hoofed mammals : hoofed-feet = cattle insectivores : insect-eater = mole primates : fingers and toes, forward eyes = spider monkey related to dugongs : water mammal = manatee rodents : cutting, gnawing teeth = squirrel related to hares and pikas : rodent-like (gnaws and grinds) = rabbit "toothless mammals " : very tiny teeth if any = armadillo, anteater, sloth truck-nosed mammals : long noses/trunks = African elephant *** placenta *** organ that provides food and carries away waste from embryo (“lifeline”) *** uterus *** embryo of organism develops in this organ * gestation period *** length of time embryo spends developing inside its mother Page 10 of 11 Name_____________________________________________________Period________ Monotremes and Marsupials mammals hatched from eggs or in a very immature level of development marsupials : mammal gives birth to live young which then develop in mother’s pouch = opossum, koala, wallaby monotreme : mammal lays eggs in thick, leathery shells = platypus, echidna Interesting notes: http://www.backyardnature.net/fungclub.htm Page 11 of 11