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Concept Virginia’s Provinces (regions): Virginia’s regions from East to West: Coastal Plain, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley & Ridge, Appalachian Plateau __________ __________ : flat; made of deposited sediments (Sed. rock); includes wetlands __________ : rolling hills; igneous and metamorphic rock __________ __________ : billion year old ig. and met. rock (oldest in state); contains Appalachian Mountains __________ & __________ : folded and faulted sed. rock. Contains the Appalachian Mountains ______________ __________ : rugged, irregular, flat, sed. rocks; Coal The __________, __________, and __________ of Earth are dynamic systems, constantly in motion. Earth consists of a __________, mostly __________ inner core; a __________, mostly iron __________ core; a rocky, plastic-like __________; and a rocky, brittle __________ Earth’s lithosphere is divided into __________ that are in __________ with respect to one another Plate motion occurs as a consequence of __________ in Earth’s mantle. __________ tectonics is driven by convection. SOL Practice Questions 1. Wetlands are more prevalent in which physiographic province of Virginia? A. Coastal Plain B. Piedmont C. Blue Ridge D. Appalachian Plateau 2. Which region of Virginia is classified as the Piedmont? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 3. The Earth’s mantle is made up of very hot material that rises to the top of the mantle, cools, then sinks, reheats, and rises again, constantly repeating the cycle. This action, which causes the Earth’s crustal plates to move, is known as: A. convection currents B. magnetic fields C. hot spots D. advection forces 4. The part of the earth that is a liquid is the: A. Crust B. Mantle C. Inner Core D. Outer core 5. Which of the following is NOT considered a result of the movement of tectonic plates? A. Earthquakes Most geologic activity (__________ , volcanoes, and mountain building) occurs as a result of relative __________ along these plate boundaries. There are two different types of crust – _________ and _________ : Ocean crust is relatively __________ , young, and __________ . Continental crust is relatively __________ , old and __________ __________ . Relative plate motions and plate boundaries are __________ (subduction and continental collision), __________ (seafloor spreading along a midocean ridge), or __________ At the ______ -__________ ridges, new crust is constantly being created = seafloor spreading (divergent) Major features of divergent boundaries include mid-ocean ridges, __________ __________ and fissure volcanoes Major features of convergent boundaries include collision zones (__________ ) and subduction zones (__________ and volcanoes) At the ocean __________ , the crust is being destroyed (subduction zone which is a __________ boundary) Major features of transform boundaries include __________ __________ faults (____ __________ Fault, California) Continental drift is a consequence of __________ __________ Earthquake activity is associated with all plate boundaries A __________ is a break or crack in Earth’s crust along which movement has occurred Most active faults are located at or near plate boundaries. __________ result when movement occurs along a fault. B. Mountain Ranges C. Increased volcanic activity D. Karst topography 6. When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, the oceanic plate is usually subducted because: A. Continental plates move more quickly than oceanic plates B. Oceanic crust is denser and thinner than continental crust C. Oceanic crust is denser and thicker than continental crust D. Continental crust is denser and thinner than oceanic crust. 7. When the sea floor spread apart, volcanoes and ridges are formed because: A. sediments are deposited where the floor spread, building ridges B. as the plates pull apart, magma moves to the surface, building ridges C. ocean water pushes down on the surrounding sea floor, pushing up ridges D. underwater earthquakes lift the sea floor into long ridges 8. According to the theory of plate tectonics, what process occurs at a transform boundary? A. Two tectonic plates push into each other B. Two tectonic plates slide past each other C. Two tectonic plates move away from each other D. One tectonic plate moves up and over another 9. Which of these does NOT serve as evidence for Wegener’s Theory of Continental Drift? A. Fossils of the same plant species have been found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean B. Evidence of the same climatic conditions has been found on several continents. C. South America fits like a puzzle piece into Africa. D. Some seismic waves do not travel through Earth’s core. 10. The greatest earthquake damage happens at the: A. Focus B. Boundary between tectonic plates C. Epicenter D. Seismograph station Earthquake __________ = on surface; __________ = below ground Earthquake ___-__________ (primary) travel faster through the Earth than S-waves (secondary) You need at least ___ seismograph stations to find the epicenter of an earthquake. A __________ is an opening where magma erupts onto Earth’s surface. Most volcanic activity is associated with subduction, rifting, or seafloor spreading. _______ __________ volcanic activity, such as volcanic islands, is exceptional in that it is NOT related to __________ __________ . 11. Which of the following pieces of laboratory equipment would be the most useful for measuring the magnitude of an earthquake? A. Richter scale C. Shake table B. Seismograph D. Epicenter meter 12. Volcanoes located within the Pacific Plate that are not near a plate boundary are most likely caused by: A. hot spots B. subduction zones C. Mid-ocean ridges D. Magma filling up gaps caused by a rift zone is the remains, impressions, or other evidence of an organism’s life usually preserved in rock. Fossils can be preserved as __________ (hollow impressions left in rock layers), __________ (materials fill the hollow and create a copy), or __________ __________ . Trace fossils are evidence of the organism’s life ex. __________ or tracks, __________ or nests, or __________ . Nearly all fossils are found in __________ __________ . __________ fossils are more common than land; hard fossils more common than soft fossils. 13. Jellyfish have rarely been fossilized because they — A contain no carbon compounds B are very rare animals C are generally found in oceans D have soft bodies 15. A scientist who uses radiometric dating is trying to determine A. the relative age of rocks B. the absolute age of rocks C. the climate during a certain era D. the types of fossils found in a rock A __________ __________ age = how old something actually is ( an actual number like your age) __________ age = how old something is compared with something else Principle of ______________ – in a sequence of undisturbed rock, the oldest layer is at the __________ – youngest at the __________ *Younger over Older* Intrusions and faults are ______________than the rock in which they are found Unconformity – shows where erosion occurred and part of the geologic record is __________ 14. Which of these parts of a saber-toothed cat was most likely to become fossilized? F Hair G Skin H Muscles J Jaws 16. During a field investigation of undisturbed rock layers, scientists can assume that the relative age of a rock layer is probably – A. less than the rock layer below it B. greater than the age of the fossils it contains C. less than the age of the fossils it contains Geologic time scale is broken into ___ eras: __________ (oldest), __________ (first plants, amphibians, and insects – ended with mass extinction of ___% of species), __________ (age of the reptiles – ended with extinction of __% of species), __________ (age of mammals) D. determined by using radioactive decay 18. 17. 19. The smallest divisions of geologic time are – A. B. C. D. eras eons periods epochs __________ is a process by which rocks are broken down __________ and __________ by wind, air, and the actions of organisms (plants and animals). When a rock is broken into smaller pieces, surface area __________ and the weathering rate __________ . Erosion is the process that transports (moves) sediment (broken down by weathering). 20. When water, ice, wind, and heat break down rock and shape the surface of Earth, the process is called – A. weathering B. erosion C. deposition D. uplift The agents of erosion are __________ , __________ , __________ , and glaciers (ice). __________ is the process where sediments settle out and are deposited. Sedimentary rocks form from __________ and __________ of sediments. __________ is loose rock fragments and clay that came from weathered rock mixed with __________ __________ (once living plants and animals) Porosity = amount of __________ in a material (soil) More porous = holds more water __________ topography includes __________ and sinkholes. Karst topography forms when __________ is slowly dissolved away by slightly __________ groundwater. Karst topography is abundant in the __________ and __________ 21. Which kind of rock is formed by the processes shown above? province of Virginia. Karst = _____________, ________________ and _________________ A Basaltic B Sedimentary _ __________ is a measure of the ability of a rock or sediment to C Igneous transmit water or other liquid. D Metamorphic Water does not pass through ______________ materials. Impossible Geological processes, such as __________ and human activities 22. Caves originate from regions that have bedrock of limestone. Which region (waste disposal) can __________ water supplies. of Virginia is known for caves because of the limestone? A. Valley and Ridge B. Coastal C. Appalachian D. Piedmont 23. During droughts, lack of rain can lead to wells drying up. This is because the drought has lowered the — A water table B water trough Zone of __________ – all pores are filled with air -the ground can hold more water – located near the surface Zone of __________ – all pore spaces are filled with water – located below the zone or aeration __________ table – divides the two zones – located at the top surface of the zone of saturation __________ – an underground reservoir of water that can be extracted (removed) for surface use (drinking, irrigation) 26. Which diagram best represents the most common arrangement of zones in a water table? 27. The tendency of some minerals to break along flat surfaces is called – A __________ is naturally occurring, inorganic, __________ A. luster substance with a definite __________ composition and structure. B. streak Mineral properties depend on the internal atomic arrangement C. density and bonding of __________ . D. cleavage Minerals may be identified by their __________ properties such E. fracture as __________ , color, __________ , __________ , density, and the way it breaks (__________ vs. fracture). 28. Which of the following properties makes a diamond useful as a cutting tool? Most rocks are made of one or more __________ . A. Density The major elements found in the Earth’s crust are __________ , B. Hardness __________ , aluminum, and iron. C. Cleavage The most abundant group of minerals is __________ – contain silicon and __________ . Use Mohs Hardness Scale to answer the following: - What is the hardest mineral? ______________ What is the softest mineral? _______________ Name a mineral a nail will scratch: ______________ Name a mineral that will scratch a steel file: ___________ Will quartz scratch glass? _________ Will quartz scratch topaz? _________ The most common mineral on Earth with a hardness of 7 is ___________. Its chemical formula is SiO2. Is this mineral a silicate? __________ Use the chart below to answer the questions: Mineral Hardness Streak Color Augite 5-6 greenish-gray green to black Garnet 6.5 – 7.5 white dark red 5-6 black iron Magnetitie black Pyrite 6 – 6.5 green to brass black yellow Sphalerite 3.5 reddishbrown to brown black Which mineral is white in its powered form? A garnet B pyrite C augite D sphalerite What is the softest mineral listed in the chart? A sphalerite B augite C magnetite D pyrite Which mineral does NOT have a nonmetallic luster? A sphalerite B garnet C pyrite D augite Which mineral could be green or black? Luster nonmetallic nonmetallic metallic metallic nonmetallic D. 29. Streak Oceanography The ocean is a __________ system in which many chemical, biological and physical changes are taking place. Most waves on the ocean surface are generated by __________. The __________ are the daily, periodic rise and fall of water level caused by the _____________ pull of the __________ and __________ There are large current systems in the oceans that carry __________ water towards the __________ and __________ water towards the __________. Sea level falls when glacial ice caps __________ and __________ when the ice caps __________. _____________ bring cold, __________ __________ water from the deep ocean to the surface and are areas of rich __________ activity. __________________, like the Chesapeake Bay, are areas where fresh and salt water ________________, producing variations in ____________________ and 30. Many species of the order Cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) have become so scarce that they are now protected under international law. Which of the following probably did not contribute to the decline in these populations? A B C D Whaling industries Fishing nets Ocean pollution Greenhouse effect 31. Fish are abundant in areas where the ocean is upwelling because it – A B C D causes currents that carry fish into the area bring nutrients to the surface causes surface turbulence that attracts fish changes tidal flow in that area 32. The surface of the sea is not level due to all of the following except – A B C D currents tides salinity winds high biological activity. ______ The oceans are __________________ and ______________ important. __________ activities and public __________ have important consequences for the oceans. The oceans’ resources are __________ and should be utilized with care. The impact of __________ activities, such as waste disposal, construction, and agriculture, affect the water quality within __________ systems and ultimately the ocean. Convection is the major mechanism of __________ transfer in the __________, __________, and Earth’s __________. The ocean is the single largest __________ of __________ at Earth’s surface. The __________ of the seafloor is at least as variable as that on the continents. The stored heat in the ocean drives much of Earth’s __________. The stored heat in the ocean causes climate near the ocean to be __________ than climate in the __________ of continents. Features of the sea floor that are related to plate tectonic processes include ____ -__________ ridges and __________. Other major topographic features of the oceans are continental __________, continental __________, __________ plains, and _____________. 33. The accumulated salts in seawater make the seawater much more dense than freshwater. One of the characteristics of salt water is that it has: A. higher levels of dissolved oxygen than freshwater B. a higher freezing point than freshwater C. increased buoyancy for swimmers D. ninety elements that are easily extracted from seawater 34. Draw & label ocean floor Meteorology The _____________ of Earth’s atmosphere has changed over geologic time. Earth’s atmosphere is unique in the solar system in that it contains substantial __________. The early atmosphere contained __________ oxygen and __________ carbon dioxide than the modern atmosphere. Early ______________ life such as cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) consumed __________ dioxide and generated __________. It was only after early photosynthetic life generated oxygen that __________ life became possible. Earth’s atmosphere is 21 percent oxygen, 78 percent __________, and 1 percent trace gases. The atmosphere of Venus is mostly __________ __________ and very __________. The atmosphere of Mars is very __________ and __________ carbon dioxide. 35. What is a front? F the top of a cloud G the top of a weather map 37. The ozone layer – A. blocks 100% of the sun’s visible radiation B. is made up of nitrogen compounds C. absorbs damaging ultraviolet radiation from the sun D. is made up of the same form of oxygen that humans breathe 38. Which of these would most likely occur as the ice caps melt? A B C D The Earth would become cooler. The sea would cover more land. The rivers would flow more rapidly. The rain would be more acidic 39. Release of CFCs and similar compounds are a possible cause of – A destruction of ozone in the upper atmosphere B acid rain in the northeast U.S. C greenhouse gas build-up in the lower atmosphere D increase in atmosphere carbon dioxide concentration 40. H The boundary between air masses J a large body of warm air 36. Which of the following conditions contributes to the decrease in a hurricane’s strength as it moves from the ocean onto land? A the lack of warm, moist air over land B the uneven land surface C rising hot air from the land D sinking hot air from the land The majority of Earth’s atmosphere is – A oxygen C carbon dioxide B nitrogen D trace gases The __________ of the atmosphere can change due to human, __________, and geologic activity. Human activities have increased the __________ __________ content of the atmosphere. Man-made chemicals have decreased the ozone concentration in the upper atmosphere. Example: __________ __________ activity and meteorite impacts can inject large quantities of __________ and __________ into the atmosphere. The ability of Earth’s atmosphere to __________ and __________ heat is affected by the presence of __________ like water vapor and carbon dioxide. 43. Winds on Earth are caused by – A the Coriolis effect B the trade winds 41. By increasing the height of smokestacks, industries in the Midwest reduced the local concentration of air pollutants. However, the pollution was carried by wind to the Northeast where it contributed significantly to – A reduced rainfall B soil erosion C mass wasting D acid rain 42. C pressure differences caused by the unequal heating of the Earth’s surface D the weight of the gas particles in the atmosphere Average Global Temperature, 1995 - 1998 Average Temperature º C 14.5 14.48 14.46 14.44 14.42 14.4 14.38 14.36 14.34 1995 1996 Year 1997 1998 43. Climatologists assembled this graph (to the left) of the change in average global temperature from data collected over a 4 year period. What can you conclude about average global temperatures? A Average global temperatures are increasing. B Average global temperatures are decreasing. C Average global temperatures are changing greatly. D Average global temperatures are staying about the same. Weather and __________ are different. Earth’s __________ is much more efficiently heated by the sun than is the atmosphere. The amount of energy reaching any given point on Earth’s surface is controlled by the __________ of sunlight striking the surface and varies with the __________. __________ are created by __________ heat distribution at Earth’s surface and modified by the __________ of Earth. __________ transfer between Earth’s surface and the atmosphere creates the weather. Both weather and climate are __________ and, to a certain extent, __________. 44. What causes currents in the atmosphere? F Ocean waves and currents G Pressure from the ozone layer H Solar heating of the upper atmosphere J Warm air rising and cold air sinking _ 45. Ozone molecules protect Earth from harmful effects of the sun byA insulating the temperatures at the poles B condensing water particles in clouds C regulating the heat from the sun D absorbing ultraviolet radiation __________ is the major mechanism of __________ transfer in the oceans, atmosphere, and Earth’s interior. Convection in the atmosphere is a major cause of __________. Weather describes day-to-day changes in __________ conditions. __________ describes the typical weather patterns for a given location over a period of many __________. Areas near the __________ receive more of the sun’s energy per unit area than areas nearer the poles. The conditions necessary for cloud formation are 1. air at or below __________ point and 2. the presence of _______________ __________. Cloud droplets can join together to form _____________. The four major factors affecting climate are __________, 46. What happens to temperature as you increase in altitude in __________, __________ to bodies of water, and position relative to __________. Resources are limited and are either __________ or _______________. There are __________ and disadvantages to using any energy source. atmosphere? _______________________________________________ 47. Wind power is not typically used to generate all of the electricity needed for large cities because the – A energy source is inconsistent B waste products are unsafe C fuel expenses are too great D energy produced is not in a usable form __________ has many natural resources. Modern living standards are __________ by extensive use of both renewable and nonrenewable resources. Extraction and use of any resource carries an environmental __________ that must be weighed against economic __________. Renewable resources can be replaced by __________ at a rate close to the __________ at which they are used. Renewable resources include __________, __________, and __________ water. Water energy is ______________________ (falling ____________) or _________________ energy. (energy from the _____________ going in and out. Nonrenewable resources are renewed very ____________ or not at all. Nonrenewable resources include _____________, ____________, and ___________. __________ fuels are nonrenewable and may cause _____________, but they are relatively cheap and easy to use. In Virginia, major rock and mineral resources include __________ for energy, ______________ and crushed stone for road construction, and __________ for making concrete. 48. The mineral resources of Virginia can be conserved by doing all of the following exceptA recycling C regenerating B reducing D reusing 49. Which of these energy sources originates from a nonrenewable resource? A Solar C Fossil Fuel B Geothermal D Hydroelectric 50. A major problem with depending on fossil fuels as primary energy sources is that they are – A overabundant B nonpolluting C nonrenewable D deep underground 51. Some towns in the United States have had to limit the number of wood-burning stoves for environmental reason. What is the greatest problem caused by the use of wood-burning stoves? A The manufacture of the stoves requires iron which is a rare mineral. B The heat from the stoves causes thermal pollution C The smoke from the stoves contributes to air pollution D The wood is a scarce fossil fuel. 52. Lightweight and strong, the metal that has been recycled with the Virginia also has ________________ resources. I got it! Concept: Astronomy greatest success is A steel B tin C aluminum D titaniuam SOL Practice Questions ______ The __________ __________ Theory states that the __________ began in a very hot dense state that __________ and eventually condensed into galaxies. The solar __________ theory explains that the __________ formed through condensing of gas and dust (in the nebula). __________ form by condensation of interstellar gases in a nebula.. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (H-R diagram) shows the relationship between __________ __________ (how bright a star actually is) and the __________ temp. of the stars. Galaxies are collections of billions of __________. The basic types of galaxies are __________, __________, and __________. Draw the 3 types of galaxies The Milky Way is a __________ galaxy. __________ shift of galaxies means that the galaxies are always moving __________ from each other and that the universe is _________________. Red shift was discovered by ______________. (the guy the telescope was named after) The solar system is located in the __________ __________ galaxy. 53. According to the H-R diagram, which of the following stars is both the dimmest and the coolest? A. Rigel B. Betelgeuse C. Procyon B D. Barnard’s star 54. Using the diagram to the left, arrange the following according to the way they appear in the life cycle of a star. A. Supergiant, black hole, supernova B. Supergiant, neutron star, supernova C. Supergiant, black dwarf, white dwarf D. Red giant, supernova, black hole 55. Using the diagram to the left, arrange the following according to the way they appear in the life cycle of a star. A. Supergiant, black hole, supernova B. Supergiant, neutron star, supernova C. Supergiant, black dwarf, white dwarf D. Red giant, supernova, black hole 56. About how long does it take the Earth to make one complete rotation on its axis? A. one day B. one week C. one month D. one year A light year is the __________ light travels in one year. It is the most commonly used measurement of __________ in astronomy. Earth is the __________ planet from the sun. It has one natural ____________________, the moon. Earth ____________ around the sun. ________ (time) Earth is __________ on its axis and that causes __________. The Earth __________ on its axis (24hrs = 1 day) The Earth ___________ around the sun (365 days) The moon revolves around the Earth causing __________ __________ and eclipses. Remember that __________ ALWAYS in sunlight! __________ eclipses occur when the moon blocks out sunlight from Earth’s surface. __________ eclipses occur when Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon’s surface ___________ eclipses occur when Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon’s surface 57. Photographs of the surface of Mars reveal white areas near the poles. These areas are white due to A. Precipitation B. Winds C. Magnetic pole reversals D. Ice caps 58. A. A light year measures A. time B. solar wind C. distance D. density 59. What process has occurred when atoms combine to form a new element and releases energy? A Fusion B Fission C Hydrogenation D Ionization ______ ______ The sun consists largely of __________ gas. Its energy comes from nuclear ____________________ of hydrogen into __________________. There are two types of planets in the solar system. _________________ and ___________ ______________ Terrestrial – _________________ - consist mainly of solid rock. Gas giants – __________ - consist of thick outer layers of __________ material, perhaps with small rock cores. Moons are natural __________ of planets. They vary in composition. Some planets have __________ moons Ex. 60. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of space exploration and research? A. More accurate tracking of weather systems B. Improved study of the effect of humans on the global environment. C. Worldwide communication satellite networks D. Complex and costly technology 61. Photographs of the surface of Mars reveal the presence of sand dunes that shift over time. These dunes demonstrate the presence of what phenomenon on Mars? F Precipitation ________________________, some planets have _____________ moons Ex. __________________ __________ orbit the sun and consist mostly of frozen gases. __________ are rock or metallic iron object. They differ in size (mm to km). They are the source of __________. The __________ Space Telescope has greatly improved our understanding of the universe. Planet Diameter (km) Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune 142,984 120,536 51,118 49,528 Average Distance from the sun (km) 778,600,000 1,433,500,000 2,872,500,000 4,495,100,000 Period of Revolution (Earth Years) 12 29 84 164 63. Chris made the table above summarizing information on the outer planets. According to his data, which outer planet has the largest diameter? A Neptune B Jupiter C Saturn D Uranus The __________ system consists of many types of celestial __________ and one average __________, our __________. Much of our knowledge about the solar system is a result of space __________ efforts. We have visited most of the planets with unmanned space probes. These efforts continue to improve our understanding of the solar system 65. G Winds H Magnetic pole reversals J Plate tectonics 62. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of space exploration and research? A More accurate tracking of weather systems B Improved study of the effect of humans on the global environment C Worldwide communication satellite networks D Complex and costly technology 64. Using the table to the left, which planet revolves the fastest? A Neptune B Jupiter C Saturn D Uranus The __________ consists largely of __________ gas. Its energy comes from nuclear __________ of hydrogen to __________. There are essentially two types of planets in our solar system; the inner __________ and the outer __________ giants. The four inner (__________) planets consist mostly of solid __________. “My Very Eager __________” Four of the outer planets are __________ giants, consisting of thick outer layers of gaseous materials, perhaps with small rocky cores. “Just Served Us __________” The fifth outer planet, Pluto, has an unknown composition but appears to be solid. Moons are natural __________ of planets that vary widely in composition. Earth has one moon, the moon. __________ orbit the sun and consist mostly of frozen gases. They have eccentric orbits and develop __________ as they approach the sun. When Earth passes through the path of a comet we may experience a __________ shower. __________ are rocky or metallic iron objects ranging in size from millimeters to kilometers. They are the source of most __________. The asteroid belt is located between the orbits of __________ and Jupiter. “MJ” 66. __________ 11 was the first manned landing on the moon. Bringing back samples of moon rocks greatly enhanced our knowledge of the moon. The __________ Space Telescope has greatly improved our understanding of the universe. Hubble can take much __________ pictures of outer space because it is located above the weather of the __________. Write or draw the planets in order from the sun outward: 67. The Southern Hemisphere is warmer in January than in July because F it is experiencing summer G the cold winds are concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere H the sun puts out more energy J the hole in the ozone layer allows more heat into the atmosphere 68. Why do stars appear to change position during the night? F Earth rotates on its axis. G Earth revolves around the sun. H The stars are moving away from each other. J Stars are very far away from the solar system. 69. Which of these causes days and nights? F the orbit of the Earth around the sun G the revolution of the moon around the Earth H the rotation of the moon on its axis J the rotation of the Earth on its axis 70. During which portion of the Earth’s revolution around the sun is the Northern Hemisphere tilted toward the sun? F Vernal equinox G Summer solstice H Autumnal equinox J Winter solstice 71. Saturn’s volume is 762 times the volume of Earth, and yet its mass is only about 95 times that of Earth’s mass. This is due to Saturn’s – F low density G temperature H thousands of rings J distance from the sun I got it! ______ Scientific Investigation & Maps The __________ Method is a systematic way of solving __________ – it consists of 5 steps: 1. State the __________ or ask a question 2. Make a __________ (educated guess) 3. __________ the hypothesis (experiment) 4. __________ (analyze the results) 5. Conclusion (draw a __________) A hypothesis can be supported, modified, or rejected based on collected data. A __________ is a tentative explanation that accounts for a set of facts and can be tested by further _______________________. Any valid hypothesis can be __________. More tests = better. _____________ are designed to test hypotheses. Changing relevant __________ will generally change the outcome of an experiment; a variable is something that changes in an _______________. The _____________ variable is what we change on purpose; what we are testing in the experiment. Only change __________! The __________ variable is the result of the experiment; what we __________. The outcome of the experiment. A __________ is something that stays the __________ in an experiment. SOL Practice Questions 72. An environmental scientist suspects that acid precipitation is beginning to affect certain lakes in Virginia. What is the best way to test this hypothesis? A Do library research on the harmful effects of acid precipitation. B Experiment with acid precipitation on water plants native to Virginia. C Count the number of water-plant species found in a Virginia lake. D Collect water samples and test the pH of each sample. 73. Which of the following is an example of a hypothesis that cannot be tested with an experiment? A. Nonliving things grow and develop. B. Salt mixes with water C. Plant cells contain DNA D. Earth scientists are happier than life scientists 74. A series of steps that scientists use to answer questions and solve problems is known as – A the scientific model B the scientific method C the hypothetical model D the theoretical method 75. Which is true of an object with a density of 2.6 g/ml? A. It will float in water B. It will sink in water C. It will explode when placed in water D. None of the above Density work area: __________ are only as good as the quality of the collected data. Bad data => __________ conclusion. Density = __________ divided by __________; d = m/v, remember “we love density”! __________ has a density of 1.0 g/ml; more dense objects will __________, less dense objects will __________ in water Measure the __________ of an object => __________ beam balance Find the volume of an __________ object => place it in a graduated cylinder of water and use the __________ in water levels before & __________ 76. __________ laws are generalizations of observational data that describe patterns and relationships. Laws may change as new data become available. Ex: Law of Superposition Scientific __________ are systematic sets of concepts that offer explanations for observed patterns in __________. Theories provide frameworks for relating data and guiding future research. Theories may __________ as new data become available. Ex: Theory of Plate Tectonics Any valid scientific theory has passed tests designed to invalidate it. Earth is a __________ (changing) system, and all atmospheric, geological, and oceanographic processes __________ and influence one another. Write the steps of the scientific method: A. ________________________________________ 77. When places in water, ice rises to the top of the liquid. Unlike most B. ________________________________________ C. ________________________________________ D. ________________________________________ E. ________________________________________ Write the formula for density: solids that sink when place in their liquid forms, ice floats because – A it is colder than water B it is less dense than water C the pressure of the water holds it up D gases inside the ice make it buoyant 78. An object has a volume of 2 ml and mass of 4 g. What is its density? A. 2.0 g/ml B. 8.0 g/ml C. 0.5 g/ml D 2.0 cm Maps __________ relates to actual distance. __________ maps, air photos, and satellite images relate to actual 3-D landforms. Grid systems are used to define locations and directions on maps, globes, and charts. The most common grid system used on maps of Earth is __________ & __________. __________ maps show elevation (__________) changes; they have __________ lines indicating the shape of the land. Close contour lines = __________ slope; spread apart contour lines = __________ slope A Robinson projection map of the world has rounded edges; it has slight __________ at the poles. A __________ projection map of the world is __________ – has more distortion at the __________ than Robinson. Latitude measures distances __________ or __________ of the equator, although the lines run 79. Which of the following is the most accurate model of the Earth? A Mercator projection C Robinson projection B Conic projection D Globe C Robinson projection 80. What are the imaginary lines on a map called that run from north to south but measure distances from east to west? A latitude B longitude C Equator D degrees 81. On a topographic map, contour lines that are close together show – A trees B water C Steep slope D flat land 82. Carmen is making a road map of her town for a science report. Which of the following should NOT be included on her road map? A Contour lines B Map scale C Map legend east-west. Ex: __________ Longitude lines go __________ -__________, but measure distances __________ or __________. Ex: International Date Line & __________ __________ A __________ is the best and most accurate model of the Earth. Draw a compass rose: D Compass rose 83. Which has the steepest slope on the map below? A B C D ____ 84. Which of the following statements is the best summary of the rock cycle? A. Rocks deep below ground rise to the surface, are moved back underground, and then rise to the surface again. B. Igneous rock and sedimentary rock change to metamorphic rock. C. The rock cycle has a single pathway from one type rock to another type rock. D. Every type of rock can be changed into every other type of rock. The type of rock that forms depends on conditions that affect the rock. 85. Quartz is found in many different kinds of rock, including granite, gneiss, and sandstone. Based on this information, what can be concluded about quartz? A. Quartz is a mineral. B. Quartz is an igneous rock. C. Quartz is a sedimentary rock. D. Quartz is a metamorphic rock. The __________ __________ is the process by which all rocks are formed and how basic Earth materials are __________ through time. All rocks are formed by the rock cycle. Rocks can be identified on the basis of __________ __________ and __________. The processes by which rocks are formed define the __________ major groups of rocks. __________ rock forms from molten rock that __________ and hardens either __________ or ____ Earth’s surface. 86. What type of rock forms when heat & pressure change the structure, texture, or composition of sedimentary rock? A. Igneous B. Clastic C. Metamorphic D. Sedimentary 87. Which of the following is the most likely heat source for the formation of metamorphic rock? A. heat from inside the Earth B. the sun C. uplifting D. the friction of movement of tectonic plates against each other 88. Lava that erupts from a volcano and cools quickly is most likely to form: A. Large (course) grained igneous rock B. Metamorphic rock C. Small (fine) grained igneous rock __________ igneous rocks have __________ or no crystals, resulting in __________ -grained or glassy textures. Cool __________________. __________ igneous rocks have __________ crystals and a __________ texture. They cool __________ giving crystals time to grow. __________ igneous rocks include __________, obsidian, and basalt; Intrusive igneous rocks include __________. __________ rocks may be formed either by rock __________ or organic matter being bound together or by chemical precipitation. “__________ & Cementation”. D. Quartz 89. Which of these provides the best evidence of the environment in which an igneous rock was formed? A Thickness B Color C Size D Texture 90. Which of these can determine the size of grains in igneous rocks? F Amount of rare minerals G Distance from a plate boundary H Size of the volcano J Cooling rate of molten rock Sedimentary rocks are __________ or chemical. Clastic sedimentary rocks are made up of fragments of other __________ and include ______________, conglomerate, and shale. The sediments have been __________________ together. Non-clastic sedimentary rocks include ______________ and rock salt. ___________________ rocks form when any rock is changed by the effects of heat and/or ______________. Occurs ______________ the Earth’s surface. Metamorphic rocks can be ______________ or unfoliated (non-foliated). Foliation => ______________ or stripes. Foliated metamorphic rocks have bands of different minerals. ______________, schist, and ______________ are foliated metamorphic rocks. _________________ metamorphic rocks have little or no _________________ and are relatively 91. All of the following are characteristics of metamorphic rocks except – F flattened crystals G colored, parallel layers H bending from pressure J holes from trapped gases 92. Metamorphic rocks whose minerals are arranged in layers or bands are called – A unfoliated B nonclastic C clastic D foliated 93. Rocks formed by the cementing of weathered materials are calledA sedimentary rocks B extrusive igneous rocks C basalt D magma 94. Which of the following is the most likely heat source for the homogenous (the same) throughout. _______________ and ______________ are unfoliated metamorphic rocks. formation of metamorphic rock? A the heat from inside the Earth B the sun C uplift D the friction of movement of the plates against each other