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Concept
Virginia’s Provinces (regions): Virginia’s regions from East to
West:
 Coastal Plain, Piedmont, Blue
Ridge, Valley & Ridge, Appalachian Plateau
 __________ __________ : flat; made of deposited sediments
(Sed. rock); includes wetlands
 __________ : rolling hills; igneous and metamorphic rock
 __________ __________ : billion year old ig. and met. rock
(oldest in state); contains Appalachian Mountains
 __________ & __________ : folded and faulted sed. rock.
Contains the Appalachian Mountains
 ______________ __________ : rugged, irregular, flat, sed.
rocks; Coal
The __________, __________, and __________ of Earth are dynamic
systems, constantly in motion.
 Earth consists of a __________, mostly __________ inner core; a
__________, mostly iron __________ core; a rocky, plastic-like
__________; and a rocky, brittle __________
 Earth’s lithosphere is divided into __________ that are in
__________ with respect to one another
 Plate motion occurs as a consequence of __________ in Earth’s
mantle. __________ tectonics is driven by convection.
SOL Practice Questions
1. Wetlands are more prevalent in which physiographic province of Virginia?
A. Coastal Plain
B. Piedmont
C. Blue Ridge
D. Appalachian Plateau
2.
Which region of Virginia is classified as the Piedmont?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
3. The Earth’s mantle is made up of very hot material that rises to the top of the
mantle, cools, then sinks, reheats, and rises again, constantly repeating the
cycle. This action, which causes the Earth’s crustal plates to move, is known
as:
A. convection currents
B. magnetic fields
C. hot spots
D. advection forces
4. The part of the earth that is a liquid is the:
A. Crust
B. Mantle
C. Inner Core
D. Outer core
5. Which of the following is NOT considered a result of the movement of
tectonic plates?
A. Earthquakes
Most geologic activity (__________ , volcanoes, and mountain
building) occurs as a result of relative __________ along these plate
boundaries.
There are two different types of crust – _________ and
_________ :
 Ocean crust is relatively __________ , young, and __________ .

Continental crust is relatively __________ , old and __________
__________ .
Relative plate motions and plate boundaries are __________ (subduction
and continental collision), __________ (seafloor spreading along a midocean ridge), or __________
 At the ______ -__________ ridges, new crust is constantly being
created = seafloor spreading (divergent)
 Major features of divergent boundaries include mid-ocean ridges,
__________ __________ and fissure volcanoes
 Major features of convergent boundaries include collision zones
(__________ ) and subduction zones (__________ and volcanoes)
 At the ocean __________ , the crust is being destroyed
(subduction zone which is a __________ boundary)


Major features of transform boundaries include __________ __________ faults (____ __________ Fault, California)
Continental drift is a consequence of __________ __________
Earthquake activity is associated with all plate boundaries
 A __________ is a break or crack in Earth’s crust along which
movement has occurred
 Most active faults are located at or near plate boundaries.
__________ result when movement occurs along a fault.
B. Mountain Ranges
C. Increased volcanic activity
D. Karst topography
6. When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, the oceanic plate is
usually subducted because:
A. Continental plates move more quickly than oceanic plates
B. Oceanic crust is denser and thinner than continental crust
C. Oceanic crust is denser and thicker than continental crust
D. Continental crust is denser and thinner than oceanic crust.
7. When the sea floor spread apart, volcanoes and ridges are formed because:
A. sediments are deposited where the floor spread, building ridges
B. as the plates pull apart, magma moves to the surface, building ridges
C. ocean water pushes down on the surrounding sea floor, pushing up ridges
D. underwater earthquakes lift the sea floor into long ridges
8. According to the theory of plate tectonics, what process occurs at a transform
boundary?
A. Two tectonic plates push into each other
B. Two tectonic plates slide past each other
C. Two tectonic plates move away from each other
D. One tectonic plate moves up and over another
9. Which of these does NOT serve as evidence for Wegener’s Theory of
Continental Drift?
A. Fossils of the same plant species have been found on both sides of the
Atlantic Ocean
B. Evidence of the same climatic conditions has been found on several
continents.
C. South America fits like a puzzle piece into Africa.
D. Some seismic waves do not travel through Earth’s core.
10. The greatest earthquake damage happens at the:
A. Focus
B. Boundary between tectonic plates
C. Epicenter
D. Seismograph station

Earthquake __________ = on surface; __________ = below
ground
 Earthquake ___-__________ (primary) travel faster through the
Earth than S-waves (secondary)
 You need at least ___ seismograph stations to find the epicenter
of an earthquake.
A __________ is an opening where magma erupts onto Earth’s surface.
Most volcanic activity is associated with subduction, rifting, or seafloor
spreading.
 _______ __________ volcanic activity, such as volcanic islands,
is exceptional in that it is NOT related to __________ __________
.
11. Which of the following pieces of laboratory equipment would be the most
useful for measuring the magnitude of an earthquake?
A. Richter scale
C. Shake table
B. Seismograph
D. Epicenter meter
12. Volcanoes located within the Pacific Plate that are not near a plate boundary
are most likely caused by:
A. hot spots
B. subduction zones
C. Mid-ocean ridges
D. Magma filling up gaps caused by a rift zone
is the remains, impressions, or other evidence of
an organism’s life usually preserved in rock.
 Fossils can be preserved as __________ (hollow impressions left
in rock layers), __________ (materials fill the hollow and
create a copy), or __________ __________ .
 Trace fossils are evidence of the organism’s life ex. __________
or tracks, __________ or nests, or __________ .
 Nearly all fossils are found in __________ __________ .
 __________ fossils are more common than land; hard fossils
more common than soft fossils.
13. Jellyfish have rarely been fossilized because they —
A contain no carbon compounds
B are very rare animals
C are generally found in oceans
D have soft bodies

15. A scientist who uses radiometric dating is trying to determine
A. the relative age of rocks
B. the absolute age of rocks
C. the climate during a certain era
D. the types of fossils found in a rock
 A __________




__________ age = how old something actually is ( an actual
number like your age)
__________ age = how old something is compared with
something else
Principle of ______________ – in a sequence of undisturbed rock,
the oldest layer is at the __________ – youngest at the
__________ *Younger over Older*
Intrusions and faults are ______________than the rock in which
they are found
Unconformity – shows where erosion occurred and part of the
geologic record is __________
14. Which of these parts of a saber-toothed cat was most likely to become fossilized?
F Hair
G Skin
H Muscles
J Jaws
16. During a field investigation of undisturbed rock layers, scientists can
assume that the relative age of a rock layer is probably –
A. less than the rock layer below it
B. greater than the age of the fossils it contains
C. less than the age of the fossils it contains

Geologic time scale is broken into ___ eras: __________ (oldest),
__________ (first plants, amphibians, and insects – ended with
mass extinction of ___% of species), __________ (age of the
reptiles – ended with extinction of __% of species), __________
(age of mammals)
D. determined by using radioactive decay
18.
17.
19. The smallest divisions of geologic time are –
A.
B.
C.
D.
eras
eons
periods
epochs



__________ is a process by which rocks are broken down
__________ and __________ by wind, air, and the actions of
organisms (plants and animals).
When a rock is broken into smaller pieces, surface area
__________ and the weathering rate __________ .
Erosion is the process that transports (moves) sediment (broken
down by weathering).
20. When water, ice, wind, and heat break down rock and shape the surface of
Earth, the process is called –
A. weathering
B. erosion
C. deposition
D. uplift

The agents of erosion are __________ , __________ , __________
, and glaciers (ice).
 __________ is the process where sediments settle out and are
deposited.
Sedimentary rocks form from __________ and __________ of
sediments.

__________ is loose rock fragments and clay that came from
weathered rock mixed with __________ __________ (once living
plants and animals)
 Porosity = amount of __________ in a material (soil)
More porous = holds more water
 __________ topography includes __________ and sinkholes.
 Karst topography forms when __________ is slowly dissolved
away by slightly __________ groundwater.
Karst topography is abundant in the __________ and __________
21. Which kind of rock is formed by the processes shown above?
province of Virginia.
Karst = _____________, ________________ and _________________
A Basaltic
B Sedimentary _
 __________ is a measure of the ability of a rock or sediment to
C Igneous
transmit water or other liquid.
D Metamorphic
Water does not pass through ______________ materials. Impossible
 Geological processes, such as __________ and human activities
22. Caves originate from regions that have bedrock of limestone. Which region
(waste disposal) can __________ water supplies.
of Virginia is known for caves because of the limestone?
A. Valley and Ridge
B. Coastal
C. Appalachian
D. Piedmont
23. During droughts, lack of rain can lead to wells drying up. This is
because the drought has lowered the —
A water table
B water trough

Zone of __________ – all pores are filled with air -the ground can
hold more water – located near the surface
Zone of __________ – all pore spaces are filled with water –
located below the zone or aeration
__________ table – divides the two zones – located at the top
surface of the zone of saturation
__________ – an underground reservoir of water that can be
extracted (removed) for surface use (drinking, irrigation)








26. Which diagram best represents the most common arrangement of zones in a
water table?
27. The tendency of some minerals to break along flat surfaces is called –
A __________ is naturally occurring, inorganic, __________
A. luster
substance with a definite __________ composition and structure.
B. streak
Mineral properties depend on the internal atomic arrangement
C. density
and bonding of __________ .
D. cleavage
Minerals may be identified by their __________ properties such
E. fracture
as __________ , color, __________ , __________ , density, and
the way it breaks (__________ vs. fracture).
28. Which of the following properties makes a diamond useful as a cutting tool?
Most rocks are made of one or more __________ .
A. Density
The major elements found in the Earth’s crust are __________ ,
B. Hardness
__________ , aluminum, and iron.
C. Cleavage

The most abundant group of minerals is __________ – contain
silicon and __________ .

Use Mohs Hardness Scale to answer the following:
-
What is the hardest mineral? ______________
What is the softest mineral? _______________
Name a mineral a nail will scratch: ______________
Name a mineral that will scratch a steel file: ___________
Will quartz scratch glass? _________
Will quartz scratch topaz? _________
The most common mineral on Earth with a hardness of 7 is
___________. Its chemical formula is SiO2. Is this mineral a
silicate? __________
Use the chart below to answer the questions:
Mineral
Hardness
Streak
Color
Augite
5-6
greenish-gray green to
black
Garnet
6.5 – 7.5
white
dark red
5-6
black
iron
Magnetitie
black
Pyrite
6 – 6.5
green to
brass
black
yellow
Sphalerite 3.5
reddishbrown to
brown
black
Which mineral is white in its powered form?
A garnet
B pyrite C augite D sphalerite
What is the softest mineral listed in the chart?
A sphalerite
B augite
C magnetite
D pyrite
Which mineral does NOT have a nonmetallic luster?
A sphalerite
B garnet
C pyrite D augite
Which mineral could be green or black?
Luster
nonmetallic
nonmetallic
metallic
metallic
nonmetallic
D.
29.
Streak
Oceanography
The ocean is a __________ system in which many
chemical, biological and physical changes are taking place.
 Most waves on the ocean surface are generated by
__________.

The __________ are the daily, periodic rise and fall of
water level caused by the _____________ pull of the
__________ and __________

There are large current systems in the oceans that carry
__________ water towards the __________ and
__________ water towards the __________.

Sea level falls when glacial ice caps __________ and
__________ when the ice caps __________.

_____________ bring cold, __________ __________
water from the deep ocean to the surface and are areas
of rich __________ activity.

__________________, like the Chesapeake Bay, are
areas where fresh and salt water ________________,
producing variations in ____________________ and
30. Many species of the order Cetacea (whales, dolphins, and
porpoises) have become so scarce that they are now protected
under international law. Which of the following probably did not
contribute to the decline in these populations?
A
B
C
D
Whaling industries
Fishing nets
Ocean pollution
Greenhouse effect
31. Fish are abundant in areas where the ocean is upwelling
because it –
A
B
C
D
causes currents that carry fish into the area
bring nutrients to the surface
causes surface turbulence that attracts fish
changes tidal flow in that area
32. The surface of the sea is not level due to all of the following
except –
A
B
C
D
currents
tides
salinity
winds
high biological activity.
______




The oceans are __________________ and
______________ important.
__________ activities and public __________ have
important consequences for the oceans.
The oceans’ resources are __________ and should be
utilized with care.
The impact of __________ activities, such as waste
disposal, construction, and agriculture, affect the water
quality within __________ systems and ultimately the
ocean.
 Convection is the major mechanism of __________ transfer
in the __________, __________, and Earth’s __________.
 The ocean is the single largest __________ of __________ at
Earth’s surface.
 The __________ of the seafloor is at least as variable as that
on the continents.
 The stored heat in the ocean drives much of Earth’s
__________.
 The stored heat in the ocean causes climate near the ocean to
be __________ than climate in the __________ of continents.
 Features of the sea floor that are related to plate tectonic
processes include ____ -__________ ridges and __________.
 Other major topographic features of the oceans are continental
__________, continental __________, __________ plains,
and _____________.
33. The accumulated salts in seawater make the seawater much more
dense than freshwater. One of the characteristics of salt water is that it
has:
A. higher levels of dissolved oxygen than freshwater
B. a higher freezing point than freshwater
C. increased buoyancy for swimmers
D. ninety elements that are easily extracted from seawater
34.
Draw & label ocean floor
Meteorology
 The _____________ of Earth’s atmosphere has changed over
geologic time.
 Earth’s atmosphere is unique in the solar system in that it
contains substantial __________.
 The early atmosphere contained __________ oxygen and
__________ carbon dioxide than the modern atmosphere.
 Early ______________ life such as cyanobacteria (blue-green
algae) consumed __________ dioxide and generated
__________.
 It was only after early photosynthetic life generated oxygen
that __________ life became possible.
 Earth’s atmosphere is 21 percent oxygen, 78 percent
__________, and 1 percent trace gases.
The atmosphere of Venus is mostly __________ __________
and very __________.
The atmosphere of Mars is very __________ and __________
carbon dioxide.
35. What is a front?
F the top of a cloud
G the top of a weather map
37. The ozone layer –
A. blocks 100% of the sun’s visible radiation
B. is made up of nitrogen compounds
C. absorbs damaging ultraviolet radiation from the sun
D. is made up of the same form of oxygen that humans breathe
38. Which of these would most likely occur as the ice caps melt?
A
B
C
D
The Earth would become cooler.
The sea would cover more land.
The rivers would flow more rapidly.
The rain would be more acidic
39. Release of CFCs and similar compounds are a possible cause of –
A destruction of ozone in the upper atmosphere
B acid rain in the northeast U.S.
C greenhouse gas build-up in the lower atmosphere
D increase in atmosphere carbon dioxide concentration
40.
H The boundary between air masses
J a large body of warm air
36. Which of the following conditions contributes to the
decrease in a hurricane’s strength as it moves from the ocean
onto land?
A the lack of warm, moist air over land
B the uneven land surface
C rising hot air from the land
D sinking hot air from the land
The majority of Earth’s atmosphere is –
A oxygen
C carbon dioxide
B nitrogen
D trace gases
 The __________ of the atmosphere can change due to human,
__________, and geologic activity.
 Human activities have increased the __________
__________ content of the atmosphere.
 Man-made chemicals have decreased the ozone concentration
in the upper atmosphere. Example: __________
 __________ activity and meteorite impacts can inject large
quantities of __________ and __________ into the
atmosphere.
 The ability of Earth’s atmosphere to __________ and
__________ heat is affected by the presence of __________
like water vapor and carbon dioxide.
43. Winds on Earth are caused by –
A the Coriolis effect
B the trade winds
41. By increasing the height of smokestacks, industries in the Midwest
reduced the local concentration of air pollutants. However, the pollution
was carried by wind to the Northeast where it contributed significantly to
–
A reduced rainfall
B soil erosion
C mass wasting
D acid rain
42.
C pressure differences caused by the unequal heating of the
Earth’s surface
D the weight of the gas particles in the atmosphere
Average Global Temperature, 1995 - 1998
Average Temperature º C
14.5
14.48
14.46
14.44
14.42
14.4
14.38
14.36
14.34
1995
1996
Year
1997
1998
43. Climatologists assembled this graph (to the left) of the change in
average global temperature from data collected over a 4 year period.
What can you conclude about average global temperatures?
A Average global temperatures are increasing.
B Average global temperatures are decreasing.
C Average global temperatures are changing greatly.
D Average global temperatures are staying about the same.
 Weather and __________ are different.
 Earth’s __________ is much more efficiently heated by the
sun than is the atmosphere.
 The amount of energy reaching any given point on Earth’s
surface is controlled by the __________ of sunlight striking
the surface and varies with the __________.
 __________ are created by __________ heat distribution at
Earth’s surface and modified by the __________ of Earth.
 __________ transfer between Earth’s surface and the
atmosphere creates the weather.
 Both weather and climate are __________ and, to a certain
extent, __________.
44. What causes currents in the atmosphere?
F Ocean waves and currents
G Pressure from the ozone layer
H Solar heating of the upper atmosphere
J Warm air rising and cold air sinking _
45. Ozone molecules protect Earth from harmful effects of the sun byA insulating the temperatures at the poles
B condensing water particles in clouds
C regulating the heat from the sun
D absorbing ultraviolet radiation
 __________ is the major mechanism of __________ transfer
in the oceans, atmosphere, and Earth’s interior.
 Convection in the atmosphere is a major cause of
__________.
 Weather describes day-to-day changes in __________
conditions.
 __________ describes the typical weather patterns for a given
location over a period of many __________.
 Areas near the __________ receive more of the sun’s energy
per unit area than areas nearer the poles.
 The conditions necessary for cloud formation are
1. air at or below __________ point and
2. the presence of _______________ __________.

Cloud droplets can join together to form _____________.
 The four major factors affecting climate are __________,
46. What happens to temperature as you increase in altitude in
__________, __________ to bodies of water, and position
relative to __________.
 Resources are limited and are either __________ or
_______________.
 There are __________ and disadvantages to using any
energy source.
atmosphere?
_______________________________________________
47. Wind power is not typically used to generate all of the electricity
needed for large cities because the –
A energy source is inconsistent
B waste products are unsafe
C fuel expenses are too great
D energy produced is not in a usable form
 __________ has many natural resources.
 Modern living standards are __________ by extensive use
of both renewable and nonrenewable resources.
 Extraction and use of any resource carries an
environmental __________ that must be weighed against
economic __________.
 Renewable resources can be replaced by __________ at a
rate close to the __________ at which they are used.
Renewable resources include __________, __________,
and __________ water.
 Water energy is ______________________ (falling
____________) or _________________ energy. (energy
from the _____________ going in and out.
 Nonrenewable resources are renewed very ____________
or not at all. Nonrenewable resources include
_____________, ____________, and ___________.
 __________ fuels are nonrenewable and may cause
_____________, but they are relatively cheap and easy to
use.
 In Virginia, major rock and mineral resources include
__________ for energy, ______________ and crushed
stone for road construction, and __________ for making
concrete.
48. The mineral resources of Virginia can be conserved by doing all of the
following exceptA recycling
C regenerating
B reducing
D reusing
49. Which of these energy sources originates from a nonrenewable
resource?
A Solar
C Fossil Fuel
B Geothermal
D Hydroelectric
50. A major problem with depending on fossil fuels as primary energy
sources is that they are –
A overabundant
B nonpolluting
C nonrenewable
D deep underground
51. Some towns in the United States have had to limit the number of
wood-burning stoves for environmental reason. What is the greatest
problem caused by the use of wood-burning stoves?
A The manufacture of the stoves requires iron which is a rare mineral.
B The heat from the stoves causes thermal pollution
C The smoke from the stoves contributes to air pollution
D The wood is a scarce fossil fuel.
52. Lightweight and strong, the metal that has been recycled with the
 Virginia also has ________________ resources.
I got it!
Concept: Astronomy
greatest success is A steel
B tin
C aluminum
D titaniuam
SOL Practice Questions
______
 The __________ __________ Theory states that the
__________ began in a very hot dense state that __________
and eventually condensed into galaxies.
 The solar __________ theory explains that the __________
formed through condensing of gas and dust (in the nebula).
 __________ form by condensation of interstellar gases in a
nebula..
 The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (H-R diagram) shows the
relationship between __________ __________ (how bright a
star actually is) and the __________ temp. of the stars.
 Galaxies are collections of billions of __________. The
basic types of galaxies are __________, __________, and
__________.
 Draw the 3 types of galaxies
 The Milky Way is a __________ galaxy.
 __________ shift of galaxies means that the galaxies are
always moving __________ from each other and that the
universe is _________________. Red shift was discovered by
______________. (the guy the telescope was named after)
 The solar system is located in the __________ __________
galaxy.
53. According to the H-R diagram, which of the following stars is
both the dimmest and the coolest?
A. Rigel
B. Betelgeuse
C. Procyon B
D. Barnard’s star
54. Using the diagram to the left, arrange the following according to
the way they appear in the life cycle of a star.
A. Supergiant, black hole, supernova
B. Supergiant, neutron star, supernova
C. Supergiant, black dwarf, white dwarf
D. Red giant, supernova, black hole
55. Using the diagram to the left, arrange the
following according to the way they appear in the
life cycle of a star.
A. Supergiant, black hole, supernova
B. Supergiant, neutron star, supernova
C. Supergiant, black dwarf, white dwarf
D. Red giant, supernova, black hole
56. About how long does it take the Earth to make
one complete rotation on its axis?
A. one day
B. one week
C. one month
D. one year
 A light year is the __________ light travels in one year. It is
the most commonly used measurement of __________ in
astronomy.
 Earth is the __________ planet from the sun. It has one
natural ____________________, the moon.
 Earth ____________ around the sun. ________ (time)
 Earth is __________ on its axis and that causes __________.
 The Earth __________ on its axis (24hrs = 1 day)
 The Earth ___________ around the sun (365 days)
 The moon revolves around the Earth causing __________
__________ and eclipses.
 Remember that __________ ALWAYS in sunlight!
 __________ eclipses occur when the moon blocks out
sunlight from Earth’s surface.
 __________ eclipses occur when Earth blocks sunlight from
reaching the moon’s surface
 ___________ eclipses occur when Earth blocks sunlight
from reaching the moon’s surface
57. Photographs of the surface of Mars reveal white
areas near the poles. These areas are white due to
A. Precipitation
B. Winds
C. Magnetic pole reversals
D. Ice caps
58. A. A light year measures
A. time
B. solar wind
C. distance
D. density
59. What process has occurred when atoms
combine to form a new element and releases energy?
A Fusion
B Fission
C Hydrogenation
D Ionization
______
______





The sun consists largely of __________ gas. Its energy comes
from nuclear ____________________ of hydrogen into
__________________.
There are two types of planets in the solar system.
_________________ and ___________ ______________
Terrestrial – _________________ - consist mainly of solid rock.
Gas giants – __________ - consist of thick outer layers of
__________ material, perhaps with small rock cores.
Moons are natural __________ of planets. They vary in
composition. Some planets have __________ moons Ex.
60. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of space exploration and
research?
A. More accurate tracking of weather systems
B. Improved study of the effect of humans on the global
environment.
C. Worldwide communication satellite networks
D. Complex and costly technology
61. Photographs of the surface of Mars reveal the presence of sand
dunes that shift over time. These dunes demonstrate the presence of
what phenomenon on Mars?
F Precipitation



________________________, some planets have _____________
moons Ex. __________________
__________ orbit the sun and consist mostly of frozen gases.
__________ are rock or metallic iron object. They differ in size
(mm to km). They are the source of __________.
The __________ Space Telescope has greatly improved our
understanding of the universe.
Planet
Diameter (km)
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
142,984
120,536
51,118
49,528
Average
Distance from
the sun (km)
778,600,000
1,433,500,000
2,872,500,000
4,495,100,000
Period of
Revolution
(Earth Years)
12
29
84
164
63. Chris made the table above summarizing information on the outer
planets. According to his data, which outer planet has the largest
diameter?
A Neptune
B Jupiter
C Saturn
D Uranus
 The __________ system consists of many types of
celestial __________ and one average __________,
our __________.

Much of our knowledge about the solar system is a
result of space __________ efforts. We have visited
most of the planets with unmanned space probes.
These efforts continue to improve our understanding
of the solar system
65.
G Winds
H Magnetic pole reversals
J Plate tectonics
62. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of space exploration and
research?
A More accurate tracking of weather systems
B Improved study of the effect of humans on the global environment
C Worldwide communication satellite networks
D Complex and costly technology
64. Using the table to the left, which planet revolves the fastest?
A Neptune
B Jupiter
C Saturn
D Uranus
 The __________ consists largely of __________ gas.
Its energy comes from nuclear __________ of
hydrogen to __________.
 There are essentially two types of planets in our solar
system; the inner __________ and the outer
__________ giants.
 The four inner (__________) planets consist mostly
of solid __________. “My Very Eager __________”
 Four of the outer planets are __________ giants,
consisting of thick outer layers of gaseous materials,
perhaps with small rocky cores. “Just Served Us
__________”
 The fifth outer planet, Pluto, has an unknown
composition but appears to be solid.
 Moons are natural __________ of planets that vary
widely in composition. Earth has one moon, the
moon.
 __________ orbit the sun and consist mostly of
frozen gases. They have eccentric orbits and develop
__________ as they approach the sun. When Earth
passes through the path of a comet we may
experience a __________ shower.
 __________ are rocky or metallic iron objects
ranging in size from millimeters to kilometers. They
are the source of most __________. The asteroid belt
is located between the orbits of __________ and
Jupiter. “MJ”
66.
 __________ 11 was the first manned landing on the
moon. Bringing back samples of moon rocks greatly
enhanced our knowledge of the moon.
 The __________ Space Telescope has greatly
improved our understanding of the universe. Hubble
can take much __________ pictures of outer space
because it is located above the weather of the
__________.
 Write or draw the planets in order from the sun
outward:
67. The Southern Hemisphere is warmer in January than in July
because F it is experiencing summer
G the cold winds are concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere
H the sun puts out more energy
J the hole in the ozone layer allows more heat into the atmosphere
68. Why do stars appear to change position during the night?
F Earth rotates on its axis.
G Earth revolves around the sun.
H The stars are moving away from each other.
J Stars are very far away from the solar system.
69. Which of these causes days and nights?
F the orbit of the Earth around the sun
G the revolution of the moon around the Earth
H the rotation of the moon on its axis
J the rotation of the Earth on its axis
70. During which portion of the Earth’s revolution around the sun is
the Northern Hemisphere tilted toward the sun?
F Vernal equinox
G Summer solstice
H Autumnal equinox
J Winter solstice
71. Saturn’s volume is 762 times the volume of Earth, and yet its mass
is only about 95 times that of Earth’s mass. This is due to Saturn’s
–
F low density
G temperature
H thousands of rings
J distance from the sun
I got it!
______
Scientific Investigation & Maps
 The __________ Method is a systematic way of
solving __________ – it consists of 5 steps:
1. State the __________ or ask a question
2. Make a __________ (educated guess)
3. __________ the hypothesis (experiment)
4. __________ (analyze the results)
5. Conclusion (draw a __________)

A hypothesis can be supported, modified, or rejected
based on collected data. A __________ is a tentative
explanation that accounts for a set of facts and can be
tested by further _______________________.

Any valid hypothesis can be __________. More tests
= better.

_____________ are designed to test hypotheses.

Changing relevant __________ will generally change
the outcome of an experiment; a variable is
something that changes in an _______________.

The _____________ variable is what we change on
purpose; what we are testing in the experiment. Only
change __________!


The __________ variable is the result of the
experiment; what we __________. The outcome of
the experiment.
A __________ is something that stays the
__________ in an experiment.
SOL Practice Questions
72. An environmental scientist suspects that acid precipitation is beginning
to affect certain lakes in Virginia. What is the best way to test this
hypothesis?
A Do library research on the harmful effects of acid precipitation.
B Experiment with acid precipitation on water plants native to Virginia.
C Count the number of water-plant species found in a Virginia lake.
D Collect water samples and test the pH of each sample.
73. Which of the following is an example of a hypothesis that cannot be
tested with an experiment?
A. Nonliving things grow and develop.
B. Salt mixes with water
C. Plant cells contain DNA
D. Earth scientists are happier than life scientists
74. A series of steps that scientists use to answer questions and solve
problems is known as –
A the scientific model
B the scientific method
C the hypothetical model
D the theoretical method
75. Which is true of an object with a density of 2.6 g/ml?
A. It will float in water
B. It will sink in water
C. It will explode when placed in water D. None of the above
Density work area:






__________ are only as good as the quality of the
collected data. Bad data => __________ conclusion.
Density = __________ divided by __________;
d = m/v, remember “we love density”!
__________ has a density of 1.0 g/ml; more dense
objects will __________, less dense objects will
__________ in water
Measure the __________ of an object => __________
beam balance
Find the volume of an __________ object => place it
in a graduated cylinder of water and use the
__________ in water levels before & __________
76.



__________ laws are generalizations of observational
data that describe patterns and relationships. Laws
may change as new data become available. Ex: Law
of Superposition
Scientific __________ are systematic sets of concepts
that offer explanations for observed patterns in
__________. Theories provide frameworks for
relating data and guiding future research. Theories
may __________ as new data become available. Ex:
Theory of Plate Tectonics
Any valid scientific theory has passed tests designed to
invalidate it.

Earth is a __________ (changing) system, and all
atmospheric, geological, and oceanographic
processes __________ and influence one another.

Write the steps of the scientific method:
A. ________________________________________
77. When places in water, ice rises to the top of the liquid. Unlike most
B. ________________________________________
C. ________________________________________
D. ________________________________________
E. ________________________________________

Write the formula for density:
solids that sink when place in their liquid forms, ice floats because –
A it is colder than water
B it is less dense than water
C the pressure of the water holds it up
D gases inside the ice make it buoyant
78. An object has a volume of 2 ml and mass of 4 g. What is its density?
A. 2.0 g/ml
B. 8.0 g/ml C. 0.5 g/ml D 2.0 cm
Maps 
__________ relates to actual distance.

__________ maps, air photos, and satellite images
relate to actual 3-D landforms.
 Grid systems are used to define locations and
directions on maps, globes, and charts. The most
common grid system used on maps of Earth is
__________ & __________.

__________ maps show elevation (__________)
changes; they have __________ lines indicating the
shape of the land.

Close contour lines = __________ slope; spread apart
contour lines = __________ slope

A Robinson projection map of the world has rounded
edges; it has slight __________ at the poles.

A __________ projection map of the world is
__________ – has more distortion at the __________
than Robinson.

Latitude measures distances __________ or
__________ of the equator, although the lines run
79. Which of the following is the most accurate model of the Earth?
A Mercator projection
C Robinson projection
B Conic projection
D Globe
C Robinson projection
80. What are the imaginary lines on a map called that run from north to
south but measure distances from east to west?
A latitude
B longitude
C Equator
D degrees
81. On a topographic map, contour lines that are close together show –
A trees
B water
C Steep slope
D flat land
82. Carmen is making a road map of her town for a science report. Which
of the following should NOT be included on her road map?
A Contour lines
B Map scale
C Map legend
east-west. Ex: __________

Longitude lines go __________ -__________, but
measure distances __________ or __________. Ex:
International Date Line & __________ __________

A __________ is the best and most accurate model of
the Earth.

Draw a compass rose:
D Compass rose
83. Which has the steepest slope on the map below? A B C
D
____
84. Which of the following statements is the best summary of the rock
cycle?
A. Rocks deep below ground rise to the surface, are moved back
underground, and then rise to the surface again.
B. Igneous rock and sedimentary rock change to metamorphic rock.
C. The rock cycle has a single pathway from one type rock to another
type rock.
D. Every type of rock can be changed into every other type of rock.
The type of rock that forms depends on conditions that affect the
rock.
85. Quartz is found in many different kinds of rock, including granite,
gneiss, and sandstone. Based on this information, what can be concluded
about quartz?
A. Quartz is a mineral.
B. Quartz is an igneous rock.
C. Quartz is a sedimentary rock.
D. Quartz is a metamorphic rock.

The __________ __________ is the process by which
all rocks are formed and how basic Earth materials
are __________ through time. All rocks are formed
by the rock cycle.
 Rocks can be identified on the basis of __________
__________ and __________.
 The processes by which rocks are formed define the
__________ major groups of rocks.
 __________ rock forms from molten rock that
__________ and hardens either __________ or ____
Earth’s surface.
86. What type of rock forms when heat & pressure change the structure,
texture, or composition of sedimentary rock?
A. Igneous
B. Clastic
C. Metamorphic
D. Sedimentary
87. Which of the following is the most likely heat source for the formation
of metamorphic rock?
A. heat from inside the Earth
B. the sun
C. uplifting
D. the friction of movement of tectonic plates against each other
88. Lava that erupts from a volcano and cools quickly is most likely to form:
A. Large (course) grained igneous rock
B. Metamorphic rock
C. Small (fine) grained igneous rock
 __________ igneous rocks have __________ or no
crystals, resulting in __________ -grained or glassy
textures. Cool __________________.
 __________ igneous rocks have __________ crystals
and a __________ texture. They cool __________
giving crystals time to grow.
 __________ igneous rocks include __________,
obsidian, and basalt; Intrusive igneous rocks include
__________.
 __________ rocks may be formed either by rock
__________ or organic matter being bound together
or by chemical precipitation. “__________ &
Cementation”.
D. Quartz
89. Which of these provides the best evidence of the environment in
which an igneous rock was formed?
A Thickness
B Color
C Size
D Texture
90. Which of these can determine the size of grains in igneous rocks?
F Amount of rare minerals
G Distance from a plate boundary
H Size of the volcano
J Cooling rate of molten rock
 Sedimentary rocks are __________ or chemical.
 Clastic sedimentary rocks are made up of fragments
of other __________ and include ______________,
conglomerate, and shale. The sediments have been
__________________ together.
 Non-clastic sedimentary rocks include
______________ and rock salt.
 ___________________ rocks form when any rock is
changed by the effects of heat and/or
______________. Occurs ______________ the
Earth’s surface.
 Metamorphic rocks can be ______________ or
unfoliated (non-foliated). Foliation =>
______________ or stripes.
 Foliated metamorphic rocks have bands of different
minerals. ______________, schist, and
______________ are foliated metamorphic rocks.

_________________ metamorphic rocks have little
or no _________________ and are relatively
91. All of the following are characteristics of metamorphic rocks
except –
F flattened crystals
G colored, parallel layers
H bending from pressure
J holes from trapped gases
92. Metamorphic rocks whose minerals are arranged in layers or bands
are called –
A unfoliated
B nonclastic
C clastic
D foliated
93. Rocks formed by the cementing of weathered materials are calledA sedimentary rocks
B extrusive igneous rocks
C basalt
D magma
94. Which of the following is the most likely heat source for the
homogenous (the same) throughout.
_______________ and ______________ are
unfoliated metamorphic rocks.
formation of metamorphic rock?
A the heat from inside the Earth
B the sun
C uplift
D the friction of movement of the plates against each other