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1. What was a result of the efforts of Prince Henry of Portugal, Christopher Columbus, and Ferdinand Magellan? A) The importance of Mediterranean trade routes was established. B) The modem concept of universal human rights was promoted. C) The European view of the physical world was transformed. D) An understanding of the benefits of cultural diversity was encouraged. 2. Base your answer to the following question on ". . . (It) brought the potato, the pineapple, the turkey, dahlias, sunflowers, magnolias, maize, chillies and chocolate across the Atlantic. On the other hand, tens of millions died in the pandemics of the 16th century, victims of smallpox, measles and the other diseases brought by Europeans (and don't forget that the African slave trade was begun by the Europeans, to replace the work force they had decimated).". . . — Michael Wood, BBC History (adapted) Which historical development is being described in this quotation? A) B) C) D) establishment of the line of Demarcation creation of the Hanseatic League Columbian exchange Glorious Revolution 3. Which geographic feature of Spain and Portugal most enhanced their ability to engage in exploration? A) B) C) D) peninsular location mountainous region extensive river system fertile plain 4. What was one reason the Spanish conquistadors were able to conquer the Aztec Empire? A) The Spanish soldiers made effective use of their military technology against the Aztecs. B) Aztec religious beliefs promoted nonviolence. C) Spain joined the Incas in their fight against the Aztecs. D) The Spanish cavalry outnumbered the Aztec warriors. 5. The encomienda system in Latin America was a direct result of the A) Crusades C) Reformation B) Age of Exploration D) Age of Reason 6. The expeditions of Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro resulted in the A) B) C) D) destruction of the Aztec and Inca empires capture of Brazil by Portugal colonization of North America by Portugal exploration of the Philippines and East Indies 7. A direct result of the conquest of Tenochtitlán by Hernán Cortés in 1521 was the A) expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain B) establishment of Portuguese trade routes around Africa C) fall of the Aztec Empire D) conquest of the Kush Kingdom 8. Base your answer to the following question on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies. What was a result of the explorers’ voyages illustrated on this map? A) B) C) D) Europe became increasingly isolated. European trade with Africa and South America increased. Southeast Asia became Europe’s greatest trading partner. European nations created colonial governments throughout central Asia. 9. Which statement explains the long-term significance of the travels of Christopher Columbus? 11. Which of these events during the Age of Exploration was a cause of the other three? A) His interactions with the indigenous peoples served as a model for fair treatment of minorities. B) His ships were the first to complete an around-the-world voyage and prove the earth was round. C) His calculations of the distance between Europe and Asia became the basis for our modern maps. D) His voyages started a vast cultural exchange between the two hemispheres. A) Europeans brought food, animals, and ideas from one continent to another. B) European diseases had an adverse effect on the native populations of new territories. C) Warfare increased as European nations competed for land and power. D) Advances in learning and technology made long ocean voyages possible. 10. A major reason for the end of the Aztec Empire was A) B) C) D) the refusal of the people to obey their leaders a conflict with the Inca Empire the technology of the Spanish conquistadors political corruption and an unstable government 12. A major goal of the conquistadors in Latin America was to A) B) C) D) establish religious freedom promote democracy increase the wealth of Spain introduce a laissez-faire economic system 13. Which statement describes an impact that the Columbian Exchange had on the lives of Europeans? A) The transfer of new products and ideas encouraged economic growth. B) New diseases were brought to Europe and resulted in massive deaths caused by a plague. C) Native Americans immigrated to Europe and competed with Europeans for jobs. D) Cross-cultural contacts between South America and Asia declined. 14. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies. "I was immediately handled and tossed up to see if I were sound, by some of the crew, and I was now persuaded that I had gotten into a world of bad spirits, and that they were going to kill me. Their complexions, too, differing so much from ours, their long hair, and the language they spoke . . . united to confirm me in this belief. . . . The closeness of the place and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us." Which event is described in this passage? A) B) C) D) the Aztec invasion of Mayan cities the Ottoman invasion of Hungary immigration from Europe to the New World the transatlantic slave trade 15. In the 1600s, the interest of Europeans in Africa was based mainly on Europe's need to A) B) C) D) market its surplus agricultural products obtain workers for its colonies in the Americas establish collective security arrangements settle its surplus population on new lands 16. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch interest in the islands of Southeast Asia was mainly based on the A) B) C) D) spice trade large numbers of Christian converts rich deposits of gold and silver development of manufacturing sites 17. Base your answer to the question on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies. The arrows on this map, “The African Diaspora,” represent the A) B) C) D) development of trade routes in North Africa expansion of African kingdoms involved in the slave trade forced migration of African peoples from their homeland dependence by Africans on imports for economic development 18. The Middle Passage is best defined as A) a route through the Swiss Alps B) a narrow body of water connecting two larger bodies of water C) the forced journey of enslaved Africans to the Americas D) the expulsion of Muslims from Spain 19. A major impact of the Columbian exchange on western Europe was the introduction of A) Christianity that led to the rise of the Catholic Church B) new food crops that improved the European diet C) new military technology that weakened local rulers D) diseases that drastically reduced the population of Europe 20. What was a direct result of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on African cultures? A) Many African communities faced economic disaster. B) European industrial factories were established throughout Africa. C) Animism was no longer practiced in Africa. D) Africans across the continent hired Europeans to train their military. 21. Base your answer to the following question on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies. Which conclusion about the slave trade in Africa is supported by this map? A) B) C) D) Most of the slaves came from eastern Africa. Few people were taken from Africa to other continents. Several European countries participated in the slave trade. The slave trade began in southern Africa. 22. Base your answer to the following question on the 24. Which statement best describes Catholic Church diagram below and on your knowledge of social studies. leaders, the military, and landowners in Latin America during colonial times? A) They often opposed each other on major economic issues. B) They formed an elite class and held political power. C) They challenged the authority of Spain and consequently lost political power. D) They constituted the majority of the population. 25. Which statement best explains the increase in the Atlantic slave trade in the 1700s? What is the best title for this diagram? A) B) C) D) Encomienda System Columbian Exchange Silk Road Open Door policy 23. Base your answer to the following question on the chart below and on your knowledge of social studies. A) Technological advances in shipping made the slave trade more profitable. B) Converted African slaves worked with Spanish missionaries to conquer the native peoples. C) Many Africans wished to settle in the Americas and paid their own passage. D) As the Europeans developed their American colonies, their need for cheap labor increased. 26. During the first Global Age (A.D. 1450–1770), European countries obtained both a source of raw materials and a reliable market for their finished goods by developing A) B) C) D) the policy of mercantilism laissez-faire principles trade cooperatives forts along the Silk Roads 27. The policy of establishing colonies to gain wealth by controlling colonial trade is called A) socialism C) mercantilism Which area received the largest number of captured Africans as slaves between 1500 and 1870? A) B) C) D) British North America Spanish America Europe and Asia other Caribbean islands B) fascism D) communism 28. Base your answer to the following question on the illustration below and on your knowledge of social studies. Which policy is portrayed in this illustration? A) nonalignment C) perestroika B) laissez-faire capitalism D) mercantilism 29. Base your answer to the following question on the time line below and on your knowledge of social studies. The events illustrated in this time line show the effects of European A) isolationism B) imperialism C) socialism D) fundamentalism 30. Which economic system is shown in this diagram? A) socialism C) laissez-faire capitalism B) manorialism D) mercantilism 31. Spain's colonial policy of mercantilism affected the development of Latin American nations by promoting A) B) C) D) 34. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of social studies. the production of raw materials and cash crops free and rapid trade with Asia and Africa respect for the rights of indigenous people isolationism as a response to international political issues 32. Which statement is most closely associated with the economic policy of mercantilism? A) Colonies should exist for the benefit of the mother country. B) Local authority should determine the type of goods to be produced. C) Governments should not be involved in the economy. D) Business and industry should be owned by the state. 33. Which region's colonial class structure included peninsulares, creoles, and mestizos? A) western Europe C) East Asia B) sub-Saharan Africa D) Latin America Which conclusion about Spanish colonialism in the Americas can be drawn from this diagram? A) The fewest people in the population had the greatest power. B) Africans and Native Americans were politically powerful. C) The peninsulares made up the majority of the population. D) Mestizos and mulattoes controlled the most land in the colonies. 35. The social class system in Latin America during the 16th and 17th centuries reflects the A) B) C) D) dominance of Spanish-born nobility emerging equality between classes influence of mestizo economic power increasing social mobility of Native American Indians 36. The encomienda system in colonial Latin America led to the A) B) C) D) use of forced labor establishment of trade unions increase in landownership by Native Americans weakening of the power of peninsulares 37. Which diagram shows the correct social hierarchy of Spain’s colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere? A) B) 38. After contact with Europeans in the 1500s, millions of native peoples in the Americas died as a result of A) new foods, which the native peoples could not digest B) religious persecution resulting from the Spanish Inquisition C) new diseases to which the native peoples had no natural immunity D) slavery and the terrible conditions on their sea journey to Europe 39. Which social class controlled most of the political, economic, and social power in colonial Latin America? C) D) A) peninsulares C) creoles B) mestizos D) native people 40. One similarity between the social patterns in medieval Europe and those in colonial Latin America is that both societies A) separated religion and politics B) separated people into distinct classes C) gave women the power to assume leadership positions D) followed the rule of the majority