Download Exploration

Portugal and Spain
A Map of the Known World,
pre- 1492
Motives for European Exploration
1. Crusades  more direct route to get
to Asia.
2. Renaissance  curiosity about other
lands and peoples.
3. Reformation  refugees &
missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of
revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.
New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant
New Weapons Technology
Could sail in
shallow water
and up
stream –
quick and
could go long
distances
Prince Henry, the Navigator
Portuguese
Brother of king
of Portugal
I Like to sail
boats!
School for Navigation, 1419
Museum of Navigation
in Lisbon
Portuguese Maritime Empire
1. Exploring the west coast of Africa –
save Muslim souls and search for gold.
2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487 – rounded Cape
of Good Hope (Africa) – allows safe
passage to India
3. Vasco da Gama, 1498 (India)
4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (India:
Goa, 1510; Calcutta, 1511).
5. Now challenged Venetians and Arabs
for control of Spice Trade
Why spices so important? Preservation and
adding flavor to bland European diet!
Christófo Colón [1451-1506]
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Ferdinand Magellan & the First
Circumnavigation of the World:
Early 16c
Atlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”- land of
gold and treasure
The First Spanish Conquests:
The Aztecs (Mexico)
vs.
Fernando Cortés
Montezuma II
Aztecs
• Capital at Tenochtitlán (modern day
Mexico City)
• Demanded large tribute from their
people
• Polytheistic – believed gods needed
human sacrifices
• People were resentful
• Why many people welcomed the
Spanish – made it easier to conquer
Mexico Surrenders to Cortés
1521
The First Spanish Conquests
Peru:
The Incas
vs.
Francisco
Pizarro
Atahualpa
Conquests made Easy? Mexico
and Peru
• Although natives provided
some resistance, conquest not
too difficult
• Aided by diseases, modern
weaponry and horses
• Clear what culture had the
upper-hand
• Begins the transformation of
South America into Latin
America
Treatment of New World
Inhabitants
• Savage (no culture)
• Heathen (no religion)
• Conquers accepted superiority of all
European values, beliefs, etc.
• People to exploit
• Brutal and violent to inhabitants- some
provoked, most not
Slaves Working in a
Brazilian Sugar Mill
The “Columbian Exchange”

Squash

Avocado

Peppers

Sweet Potatoes

Turkey

Pumpkin

Tobacco

Cocoa

Pineapple

Cassava

POTATO

Peanut

TOMATO

Vanilla

MAIZE

Syphilis
New World to Old
World

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS
Old Word to New World

Olive

COFFEE BEAN

Banana

Rice

Onion

Turnip

Honeybee

Barley

Grape

Peach

SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits

Pear

Wheat

HORSE

Cattle

Sheep

Pigs

Smallpox

Flu

Typhus

Measles

Malaria

Diptheria

Whooping Cough
Columbian Exchange, cont
• Voyages of discovery created Europe’s largest and longest
trading exchange as well as spur other Europeans to get
involved
• Great wealth returned to Europe fueling a Europe-wide
economic expansion
• Europeans introduced numerous diseases and they brought
back a virulent form of syphilis
• Expansion of diet for both sides
• For natives, this began a long history of conquest, disease
and slave labor
• Europeans impressed Catholicism, created economic
dependence and established a hierarchal social structure
Cycle of Conquest &
Colonization
Explorers
Official
European
Colony!
Treasures
from the Americas!
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the
Europeans.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with
Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the
Spanish in 1518.
Other European nations get involved, esp. the
Dutch
African tribal chiefs swapped captives for
horses, grain and finished goods, like cloth
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million
Africans shipped to the Americas.
Slave Ship
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
African Captives
Thrown Overboard
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Mestizos
Native Indians
Creoles
Mulattos
Black Slaves
Administration of the Spanish
Empire in the New World
1. Encomienda
or forced
labor.
2. Council of
the Indies.
Viceroy.
Used in both New Spain
and Peru.
3. Papal agreement- Treaty
of Tordesillas.
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
The Influence of the Colonial
Catholic Church
Guadalajara
Cathedral
Spanish Mission
Our Lady of
Guadalupe
Tension between Religious
and Conquerors
• Although conquest necessary
to help in conversion to
Catholicism, religious often
hated harsh treatment of
natives
• Bartolomé de Las CasasDominican friar-conquest not
necessary for conversion – got
new royal regulations to protect
Indians
Father Bartolomé de Las Casas
New Laws --> 1550protect the Indians
New Colonial Rivals
1. Portugal lacked the numbers
and wealth to dominate trade in
the Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia  consolidated its
holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the
Indies in 1591.
4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595 –
will develop great shipping and
trade industry.
New Colonial Rivals
Impact of European Expansion
1. Native populations ravaged by
disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially
silver, into Europe created an
inflationary economic climate.
3. New products introduced
across the continents
[“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.