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1 Behavioral An action that aids in survival Ex: building a nest, running faster than zombies Structural A body part that aids in survival Ex: fur, ducks feet, beaks Physiological Jobs of the body parts controlling life process that aid in survival. Ex: Dolphins being able to hold their breath, warm blooded animal creating heat, a bear’s metabolism slowing during hibernation 2 STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS HOW DO DIFFERENT FEET TYPES AID IN SURVIVAL? 3 PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION Jobs of the body parts controlling life process that aid in survival. A bear’s body slows down in the winter. This helps them survive the long winter temperature and scarce food during winter months. Many know this as hibernation. Most bears do not sleep through the entire winter. They do get up and change dens, so this is not true hibernation, but a winter sleep. 4 BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION An action that aids in survival Lions stay together in a pride. As a group they can help each other hunt, care for young, and watch for danger. 5 Darwin explored the Galapagos Islands from April through October 1835. Entire voyage of The Beagle: Dec 1831 - Oct 1836 When and where he started thinking about what was to become his theory of evolution by natural selection. He did not publish his thoughts until the publication of The Origin of Species in 1859. 6 Located approximately 1000km from the coast of Ecuador, South America. This is just a little closer than the distance between Chicago and Philadelphia. Mostly ground between the two U.S. cities. Mostly deep water between the Galapagos Islands and the coast of South America. 7 NATURAL SELECTION The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring 8 NATURAL SELECTION: 2 STEP PROCESS Step One: The Production of Variation. (Chance) • Mutations • Meiosis (a type of cell-splitting) • Random mate selection & fertilization Do we see variation within different wild species ? Step Two: Non-random aspects of survival and reproduction • Superior success of certain expressed traits (phenotypes) • Nonrandom mate choice 9 10 2 TYPES OF EVOLUTION Microevolution – changes in the gene (allele) frequencies in a population over a short period of time (10’s, 100’s, or 1000’s of years) Macroevolution – changes in the gene (allele) frequencies in a population over a large amount of time (~10000’s or more years) that essentially differentiates a population from the rest of the species. 11 Changes in the population are due to 4 main mechanisms: Mutation Natural selection Gene flow Genetic drift 12 RANDOM CHANGES TO THE DNA ADDS GENETIC DIVERSITY 13 ORGANISMS BETTER ADAPTED TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT TEND TO SURVIVE REDUCES GENETIC DIVERSITY 14 MIGRATE AND MIX TOGETHER ADDS GENETIC DIVERSITY 15 RANDOM CHANCE REDUCES GENETIC DIVERSITY 16