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RNA 1 RNA Differs from DNA 1. RNA DNA 2. RNA DNA 3. RNA DNA 4. RNA DNA has a sugar ribose has a sugar deoxyribose contains the base uracil (U) has thymine (T) molecule is single-stranded is double-stranded molecule can leave the nucleus is cannot leave the nucleus 2 Structure of RNA 3 . Three Types of RNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information to the ribosomes • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomes • Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized 4 Making a Protein 5 Genes & Proteins Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds 20 different amino acids exist Amino acids chains are called polypeptides Segment of DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence in a protein are called genes 6 Two Parts of Protein Synthesis Transcription makes an RNA molecule complementary to a portion of DNA Translation occurs when the sequence of bases of mRNA DIRECTS the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide 7 Genetic Code DNA contains a triplet code Every three bases on DNA stands for ONE amino acid Each three-letter unit on mRNA is called a codon Most amino acids have more than one codon! There are 20 amino acids with a possible 64 different triplets The code is nearly universal among living organisms 8 9 10 Transcription Translation 11 Overview of Transcription During transcription in the nucleus, a segment of DNA unwinds and unzips, and the DNA serves as a template for mRNA formation RNA polymerase joins the RNA nucleotides so that the codons in mRNA are complementary to the triplet code in DNA 12 Steps in Transcription The transfer of information in the nucleus from a DNA molecule to an RNA molecule Only 1 DNA strand serves as the template Starts at promoter DNA (TATA box) Ends at terminator DNA (stop) When complete, pre-RNA molecule is released 13 Transcription 14 15 What is the enzyme responsible for the production of the mRNA molecule? 16 RNA Polymerase Enzyme found in the nucleus Separates the two DNA strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases Then moves along one of the DNA strands and links RNA nucleotides together 17 DNA RNA Polymerase pre-mRNA 18 Question: What would be the complementary RNA strand for the following DNA sequence? DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’ 19 Answer: • DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’ • RNA 3’-CGCAUAC-5’ 20 Processing Pre-mRNA • Also occurs in the nucleus • Pre-mRNA made up of segments called introns & exons • Exons code for proteins, while introns do NOT! • Introns spliced out by splicesomeenzyme and exons re-join • End product is a mature RNA molecule that leaves the nucleus to the cytoplasm 21 RNA Processing pre-RNA molecule exon intron exon intron exon intron intron exon exon splicesome splicesome exo n exon exon exon Mature RNA molecule 22 Messenger RNA (mRNA) • Carries the information for a specific protein • Made up of 500 to 1000 nucleotides long • Sequence of 3 bases called codon • AUG – methionine or start codon • UAA, UAG, or UGA – stop codons 23 Messenger RNA (mRNA) start codon mRNA A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A A codon 1 protein methionine codon 2 codon 3 glycine serine codon 4 isoleucine codon 5 codon 6 glycine alanine codon 7 stop codon Primary structure of a protein aa1 aa2 aa3 peptide bonds aa4 aa5 aa6 24 Transfer RNA (tRNA) • Made up of 75 to 80 nucleotides long • Picks up the appropriate amino acid floating in the cytoplasm • Transports amino acids to the mRNA • Have anticodons that are complementary to mRNA codons • Recognizes the appropriate codons on the mRNA and bonds to them with H-bonds 25 Transfer RNA (tRNA) amino acid attachment site methionine amino acid U A C anticodon 26 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • Made up of rRNA is 100 to 3000 nucleotides long • Made inside the nucleus of a cell • Associates with proteins to form ribosomes 27 Ribosomes • Made of a large and small subunit • Composed of rRNA (40%) and proteins (60%) • Have two sites for tRNA attachment --- P and A 28 Ribosomes Large subunit P Site A Site mRNA Small subunit A U G C U A C U U C G 29 Translation • Synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm • Involves the following: 1. mRNA (codons) 2. tRNA (anticodons) 3. ribosomes 4. amino acids 30 Translation • Three steps: 1. initiation: start codon (AUG) 2. elongation: amino acids linked 3. termination: stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA). Let’s Make a Protein ! 31 mRNA Codons Join the Ribosome Large subunit P Site A Site mRNA A U G Small subunit C U A C U U C G 32 Initiation aa1 aa2 2-tRNA 1-tRNA anticodon hydrogen bonds U A C A U G codon G A U C U A C U U C G A mRNA 33 Elongation peptide bond aa1 aa3 aa2 3-tRNA 1-tRNA anticodon hydrogen bonds U A C A U G codon 2-tRNA G A A G A U C U A C U U C G A mRNA 34 aa1 peptide bond aa3 aa2 1-tRNA 3-tRNA U A C (leaves) 2-tRNA A U G G A A G A U C U A C U U C G A mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon 35 aa1 peptide bonds aa4 aa2 aa3 4-tRNA 2-tRNA A U G 3-tRNA G C U G A U G A A C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA 36 aa1 peptide bonds aa4 aa2 aa3 2-tRNA 4-tRNA G A U (leaves) 3-tRNA A U G G C U G A A C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon 37 aa1 peptide bonds aa5 aa2 aa3 aa4 5-tRNA U G A 3-tRNA 4-tRNA G A A G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA 38 peptide bonds aa1 aa5 aa2 aa3 aa4 5-tRNA U G A 3-tRNA G A A 4-tRNA G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon 39 aa4 aa5 Termination aa199 aa3 primary structure aa2 of a protein aa200 aa1 200-tRNA A C U terminator or stop codon C A U G U U U A G mRNA 40 End Product –The Protein! • The end products of protein synthesis is a primary structure of a protein • A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds aa2 aa1 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa199 aa200 41 42