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AP Biology 2010
Week 12 Animals Focus Nervous System and Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
Chapter 48: Nervous System
Chapter 49: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
College Board Performance Objectives:
 Describe the structure and function of the various organs in the nervous system.
 Explain how the nervous system performs the three overlapping functions of sensory
input, integration, and motor output.
 Explain how membrane potentials arise from differences in ion concentrations
between cells' content and the extracellular fluid.
 Explain how sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the
nervous system.
 Explain how the skeletons support and protect the animal body and are essential to
movement.
 Explain how the interactions between myosin and actin underlie muscular contractions.
Pacing Guide:
Chapter 48: Nervous System—2.0 days
Chapter 49: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms—2.0 days
Key Words
central nervous system
effector cells
nerves
peripheral nervous system
neuron
cell body
dendrites
axons
myelin sheath
Schwann cells
oligodendrocytes
synaptic terminals
synapse
sensory neurons
interneurons
motor neurons
reflex
ganglion
supporting cells
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thalamus
hypothalamus
suprachaismatic nuclei
basal nuclei
cerebral hemispheres
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
electroencephalogram
reticular formation
limbic system
amygdala
short-term memory
long-term memory
hippocampus
long-term depression
long-term potentiation
consciousness
sensations
perception
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glia
blood-brain barrier
membrane potential
excitable cells
resting potential
gated ion channels
hyperpolarization
depolarization
graded potentials
threshold potential
action potential
voltage-gated ion channels
refractory period
presynaptic cell
post-synaptic cell
synaptic cleft
synaptic vesicles
neurotransmitter
presynaptic membrane
post-synaptic membrane
excitatory post-synaptic potential
inhibitory post-synaptic potential
summation
acetylcholine
biogenic amines
epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine
serotonin
gamma aminobutyric acid(GABA)
glycine
glutamate
aspartate
neuropeptides
substance P
endorphins
nerve net
cephalization
nerve cord
white matter
gray matter
central canal
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sensory reception
exteroreceptors
interoreceptors
sensory transduction
receptor potential
amplification
integration
sensory adaptation
muscle spindle
mechanoreceptors
hair cell
pain receptors
nociceptors
thermoreceptors
chemoreceptors
gustatory receptors
olfactory receptors
electromagnetic receptors
photoreceptors
ciliary body
aqueous humor
vitreous humor
accommodation
bipolar cells
ganglion cells
horizontal cells
amacrine cells
lateral inhibition
optic chaism
lateral geniculate nuclei
primary visual cortex
striations
red(slow) muscle
white(fast) muscle
myoglobin
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
simple twitch
latent period
contraction period
relaxation period
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AP Biology 2010
ventricles
cerebrospinal fluid
meninges
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
sensory division
motor division
somatic nervous system
automatic nervous system
parasympathetic division
sympathetic division
midbrain
hindbrain
cephalon
diencephalons
misencephalon
metencephalon
mylencephalon
brainstem
medulla oblongata
pons
superior colliculi
epithalamus
choroids plexus
summation
tetanus
fatigue
creatine phosphate
phosphagens
myoglobin
oxygen debt
actin
myosin
actomyosin
myofibril
I band
A band
H zone
Z line
sarcomere
thick filament
thin filament
cross bridges
sarcoplasmic reticulum
T system
microfilament
microtubule
Week 12 assignment
Chapter 48: Nervous System
1. Describe the structure of a typical neuron and, using a diagram point out the axon,
dendrite, cell body, and myelin sheath. Indicate the path of information flow and point
out a synapse and neuromuscular joint.
2. Explain how a nerve impulse is conducted along the neuron, using the terms stimulus,
threshold, membrane potential, action potential, voltage-sensitive channel, all-or-none
response and refractory period.
3. Discuss the basis for the polarization of the nerve cell membrane, considering the
relative amounts of sodium, potassium, and negatively charged ions inside and outside
the neuron, and state whether the outside of the resting neuron is charged positively or
negatively with respect to the inside.
4. Explain in some detail how an impulse is transmitted(propagated) along a neuron fiber;
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specify which ions move and in what order when the fiber is stimulated, and explain what
is meant by voltage-sensitive channels. Using a diagram, Explain how the nerve impulse
is propagated along the neuron.
5. Explain how diffusion, electrostatic attraction, and the sodium-potassium pump act to
reestablish the original ionic balance and keep the neuron functioning.
6. Using a diagram, identify the synaptic terminal, the presynaptic membrane,
postsynaptic membrane, and synaptic cleft. Describe the events occurring at a synapse
when an action potential arrives, and explain how the impulse is transmitted across the
synapse and what must happen for an action potential to be induced in the postsynaptic
neuron.
7. Name three transmitter substances(neurotransmitters).
8. Using a diagram, Trace the flow of information through a reflex arc.
Chapter 49: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
1. Complete the following table.
Type of Muscles a). smooth b). skeletal (striated) c). cardiac
- shape of the cell
- presence of absence of
- multiple nuclei in a cell
- presence of absence of
- striations
- source of innervation (the somatic or the autonomic nervous system)
2. For each of the following tissues, indicate whether the muscle cells are predominantly
striated or smooth. Indicate Muscle striated or smooth
- iris of the eye
- wall of an artery
- leg muscle
- abdominal muscle
- tongue
- wall of the small intestine
- wall of esophagus
- face muscle
4. Using diagrams, identify a sarcomere, a bundle of muscle fibers, a myofibril, a Z line,
a I band, and A band, an H zone, a thick filament, and a thin filament.
5. Explain the sliding-filament theory of skeletal muscle contraction. In doing so, indicate
the contribution to muscular contraction of each of the following: actin filament, myosin
filament, myosin heads, regulatory proteins, Ca++, ATP, creatine phosphate.
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