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Unit 5: The Solar System Mr. Ross Brown Brooklyn School for Law and Technology In this unit we will learn about: • The primary components of the Solar System, each with unique properties • The differences between Terrestrial, Jovian, and dwarf planets • The ways astronomers measure masses and radii for bodies in the Solar System and calculate density • How the planets formed • The ways exoplanets are detected What are the components of the Solar System? • 16 November 2015 • Do now: What are the different components of our Solar System? The Sun What are the components of the Solar System? • The Sun • Light and heat generated by nuclear fusion reactions • Mass is 700 times all other bodies combined • 71% Hydrogen, 27% Helium, and small amounts of all other elements What are the components of the Solar System? • The Terrestrial Planets (Earth-like) • Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars • Small, rocky, thin or no atmosphere What are the components of the Solar System? • • • • The Jovian Planets (Jupiter-like) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Much larger, gaseous and liquid Deep, hydrogen rich atmospheres What are the components of the Solar System? • 17 November 2015 • Do now: Beyond Neptune, what do we find that is still considered within our Solar System? What are the components of the Solar System? • Many other objects in our Solar System • Pluto – Small, ice & rock, tilted orbit, crosses Neptune – Dwarf planet – Not so special; Eris is 2x as large, 68 AU – Plutoids Pluto’s Orbit Moons • Our Moon • Jupiter has 63, Saturn 61, Uranus 27 and Neptune 13. Mars has 2. Pluto has 4, Eris 1. Asteroids • Asteroids: rocky or metallic bodies • Ceres is largest, 600 miles across • Asteroid Belt is between Mars and Jupiter Kuiper Belt • 50 AU • Similar to Asteroid Belt, but objects are made of ice • Comets: about 10 km in diameter – Made of ice, grow tails as they near the Sun • Further out, Oort Cloud – Perhaps 100,000 AU – Comets may originate here Comets Comets Our Solar System The Eames Brothers Homework • 16 November 2015 • Why is Pluto not a planet? What are the three criteria that determine whether a body is a planet? Which criterion does Pluto fail to satisfy? How do planets move about the Solar System? • 23 November 2015 • Do now: How thick is our Solar System (all the way out to Neptune) if you could look at it from the side? How do planets move about the Solar System? • Planets arranged along a line in the same plane • Mercury tilts about 7° • Counterclockwise orbits (View Earth from North Pole) • About as thick as 3 CDs out to Neptune Mercury’s Orbital Plane How do planets move about the Solar System? • Planets rotate as they orbit, counterclockwise • Axes are generally perpendicular to orbit – Uranus tilts almost to orbital plane – Venus tilts so much it spins “backwards” • Retrograde, but orbits with other planets Other Objects • Asteroids may be tilted but travel in same plane • Comets travel in any direction – Could indicate Oort Cloud, rather than ring • Moons behave similarly – Orbit planets along equator, with similar tilts – Large moons may have smaller moons How are the Planets Spaced throughout the Solar System? • Bode’s Law In what ways are the Inner and Outer Planets Different? • 24 November 2015 • Do now: That’s it, in the line above. No, you’re smart, you can figure it out. The Aim is the Do Now. OK? In what ways are the Inner and Outer Planets Different? • How can we tell? – Spectragram – This can only tell us about atmosphere • Density analysis (M/V) – Based on gravitational attraction to another body • Moon, passing spacecraft • We can know V=4πR3/3 • R is radius, obtained from angular size and distance In what ways are the Inner and Outer Planets Different? • Compare density – Earth is 5.5 g/cm3, silicate rock is 3, iron is 8 • Inaccurate – Jovian planets on average 0.7 to 1.7g/cm3 In what ways are the Inner and Outer Planets Different? • Terrestrial Planet Interiors In what ways are the Inner and Outer Planets Different? • Jovian Planet Interiors In what ways are the Inner and Outer Planets Different? In what ways are the Inner and Outer Planets Different? How do Planetary Systems Form? • 30 November 2015 • Do now: Describe our Solar System by listing basic details: shape, structure of planets, relationship to the Sun, age. How do Planetary Systems Form? • Our Solar System is: – Flat, with planets orbiting in same direction – 2 types of bodies: rocky inner planets close to the Sun, gaseous outer bodies further away – Outer planets similar in composition to the Sun; inner planets are like the Sun minus gases that only condense at low temperatures – Age of all Solar System bodies less than 4.6 billion years old. How do Planetary Systems Form? • Solar Nebula Theory – Solar System originated from a flat rotating disk of gas and dust – Outer part became planets, inner became the Sun How do Planetary Systems Form? • 4.6 BYA: Interstellar Cloud – Rotating aggregate of gas and dust How do Planetary Systems Form? • Solar Nebula – Interstellar cloud collapse into spinning disk with most mass in center How do Planetary Systems Form? • 2 December 2015 • Do now: You have just met someone who isn’t in our class. Describe an interstellar cloud so your new friend understands why interstellar clouds are important. How do Planetary Systems Form? • Condensation of the Nebula – Gases coolliquidsolid – Because of differences in condensation temperature, materials condense at different rates • Iron, silicates, water How do Planetary Systems Form? How do Planetary Systems Form? • Accretion: tiny particles stick together, forming bigger particles • At a certain point, these accretions become large enough that we consider them planetesimals (small, planet-like bodies) How do Planetary Systems Form? • Planetesimals becoming planets How do Planetary Systems Form? • 3 December 2015 • Do now: In what way(s) were the formation of the terrestrial planets and formation of the Jovian planets different? How do Planetary Systems Form? • Frost line: where Sun’s heat is reduced enough to have permitted ice to form during early planet formation. Roughly between Mars and Jupiter. How do Planetary Systems Form? • Planetesimal collisions: with each impact, heat is generated. Beyond 4 or 5 AU, planetesimal growth is more rapid; each had more material from which to grow and ices there added to silicates and iron. How do Planetary Systems Form? • As planets cool, remaining planetesimal impacts leave craters – Our Moon, Callisto, etc. How do Planetary Systems Form? • Some impacts were greater – Moon creation – Venus and Uranus’ rotational axes – Mercury’s missing crust How do Planetary Systems Form? • Some planetesimals didn’t become planets – Asteroid Belt – Oort Cloud – Kuiper Belt Homework • 4 December 2015 • Use web resources and identify a recent news story in space exploration. Write a paragraph discussing the story and the goals of the mission. Please include one of the pictures associate with the story. What is there beyond our Solar System? • 7 December 2015 • Do now: What do you think there is beyond our Solar System, even beyond the Oort Cloud? Are there planets with life? What is there beyond our Solar System? • Exoplanets: planets orbiting stars other than our Sun • Why? – Because they’re there! – And, to learn about our own Solar System What is there beyond our Solar System? What is there beyond our Solar System? • How do we detect exoplanets? – Gravity makes their star “wobble” – Limitation to this method: planet must be massive What is there beyond our Solar System? • How do we detect exoplanets? – Transit: exoplanet passes in front of its star – Limitation to this method: planet and star must align What is there beyond our Solar System? • What helps us detect these exoplanets? – Kepler space telescope