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Cell Processes
Cell Transport
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Cell Cycle
Exchange with the Environment
• Diffusion- the movement of particles
from an area of high concentration
to an area of low concentration
• Osmosis- the diffusion of water
across a cell membrane
No energy required
Cell in Action
• Passive transport- the diffusion of particles
through proteins in the cell membrane from
areas of high concentration to areas of low
concentration- no energy
• Active transport- the movement of particles
through proteins in the cell membrane
against the direction of diffusion
• ---requires cells to use energy(active transport)
Cell in Action
• Endocytosis -the process in which a cell
membrane surrounds a particle and
encloses it in a vesicle to bring it into
the cell
• Exocytosis- the process used to remove
large particles from a cell
• a vesicle containing the particles fuses
with the cell
Cell Energy
• Photosynthesis- the process by
which plants capture light energy
from the sun and convert it into
sugar
• Cellular respiration- the process of
producing ATP from oxygen and
glucose; releases carbon dioxide as a
waste product
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
• http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagra
ms/photosynthesis/photosynthesis.html
• http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams
/photosynthesis/photosynthesis_game.html
Photosynthesis can be represented using a chemical equation.
The overall balanced equation is...
6CO2 + 6H2O ---------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Sunlight energy
Where: CO2 = carbon dioxide
H2O = water
Light energy is required
C6H12O6 = glucose
O2 = oxygen
Learn these formulas
Photosynthesis: transforms light energy
to chemical energy stored in the bonds of
sugar-occurs in chloroplast
oUses carbon dioxide and water
oProduces oxygen and glucose
oOpposite of cellular respiration
occurs in mitochondria
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration Equation
ATP
ATP
• The molecule that
supplies energy to
fuel the activities of
the cell
• Formed during cellular
respiration in the
mitochondria
• Adenosine triphosphate
ATP
Glucose
• a carbohydrate- form of
sugar
• Product of
photosynthesis
• C6H12O6
• The energy in glucose
is- used by plant’s cells
• Some may be stored in
the form of other
carbohydrates or lipids
cellular
Fermentation
• Fermentation is "the process of energy
production in a cell under anaerobic
conditions."
•
•
Anaerobic is when a biological reaction or
process can take place with the absence of
oxygen.
2 types of fermentation
• 1- Your muscles need energy faster than your
body can provide oxygen to your cells to
produce ATP by cellular respiration--• Fermentation produces lactic acid--- muscle
fatigue
• 2- fermentation that occurs in some bacteria
and fungi
• Ex. Yeast can make carbon dioxide and alcohol
during fermentation of sugar.
Cell Cycle
• The life cycle of the cell
• In eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus) it
consists of 3 parts
• 1-Interphase: cell growth and
chromosome duplication
• 2- Mitosis (PMAT)
• 3- Cytokinesis
C
E
L
L
C
Y
C
L
E
Chromosome
• Coiled structure of DNA and protein that
forms in the cell nucleus during cell division
• Humans have 46 chromosomes
Binary Fission
• The simple cell division in which one cell splits
into two
• Used by bacteria
Homologous Chromosomes
• Chromosomes with matching or similar
information
• Humans have 23 pairs of homologous
chromosomes
• Potatoes have 24 pairs of homologous
chromosomes
• An organism’s number of chromosomes has
nothing to do with its complexity
Chromatids
• Identical copies of
a chromosome
• After each
chromosome is
duplicated(copied)
- the 2 copies are
called
CHROMATIDS
Centromere
• The region that
holds chromatids
together when a
chromosome is
duplicated(copied)
Mitosis
• Nuclear division in eukaryotic cells in which
each cell receives a copy of the original
chromosomes
• Mitosis makes sure each new cell receives a
copy of each chromosome
• Consists of 4 phases- PMAT
• Prophase, Metaphase,Anaphase and
Telophase
• Second stage of cell cycle
Cytokinesis
• The process in which cytoplasm divides after
mitosis
• Animal cells-The cell membrane pinches in to
form a groove—eventually pinching ALL the
way through the cell
• 2 daughter cells formed
• ***Plant cells: Have a cell wall- these cells
must first form a cell plate –in the middle of
the cell-this becomes the cell membrane- then
new cell wall formed
Cytokinesis